Author Archives: Joel David

About Joel David

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Teacher, scholar, & gadfly of film, media, & culture. [Photo of Kiehl courtesy of Danny Y. & Vanny P.]

Comprehensive Pinas Film Biblio: Reverse-Chronologized

Important: To see these entries in chronological order, click here; to see them grouped by category, click here; the entries in alphabetical order, listed by author, can be found here; for an alphabetical listing by title, please click here. To return to the landing page, click here. Any notes that follow each entry’s name of publisher are annotations made by the author, which fall under copyright. Out-of-print books and chapters that I wrote or edited may be found in this blog’s Books section.

11011To access beyond the latest year: 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001, 2000, 1999, 1998, 1997, 1996, 1995, 1994, 1993, 1992, 1991, 1990, 1989, 1988, 1987, 1986, 1985, 1984, 1983, 1982, 1981, 1979, 1978, 1977, 1976, 1975, 1973, 1972, 1971, 1967, 1958, 1952, 1949, 1943, 1938, 1929, 1918, and 1912.

2021
[as of January 2021]

Gonzalez, Vernadette Vicuña. Empire’s Mistress, Starring Isabel Rosario Cooper. Durham: Duke University Press. On movie actor Elizabeth Cooper, nicknamed Dimples, famed for the first onscreen kiss in Jose Nepomuceno’s Ang Tatlong Hambog [The Three Braggarts] (Malayan Movies & Nepomuceno Productions, 1926), who later became the consort of General Douglas MacArthur.

Trice, Jasmine Nadua. City of Screens: Imagining Audiences in Manila’s Alternative Film Culture. Durham: Duke University Press.

2020

Bolisay, Richard, ed. Daang Dokyu: A Festival of Philippine Documentaries. Philippines [city unkn.]: FilDocs. A “DokBook” for the eponymous film festival; available as an Issuu digital file at the Daang Dokyu website.

Capino, José B. Martial Law Melodrama: Lino Brocka’s Cinema Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Dalisay, Butch. A Richness of Embarrassments and Other Easy Essays. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. “Couple, Clan, and Country” is a review of Dekada ’70, dir. Chito Roño (Star Cinema, 2002); “Learning from Lino” is an account of the author’s scriptwriting experience with Lino Brocka.

David, Joel. Authoring Auteurs: The Comprehensive Pinas Film Bibliography. Original digital edition. Quezon City: Ámauteurish Publishing. Available exclusively at the Ámauteurish! website.

David, Joel, and Joyce Arriola, eds. Film Criticism in the Philippines. Special issue of UNITAS: Semi-Annual Peer-Reviewed International Online Journal of Advanced Research in Literature, Culture, and Society, vol. 93, no. 1. Manila: University of Santo Tomas.

Deyto, Epoy. The Years of Permanent Midnight and Other Unedited Essays. 2018 (1st edition). Pasig City: TollidBilly & Shonenbat Collective. Available at the author’s Missing Codec blog; new issue includes an additional essay.

Gimenez-Maceda, Teresita, Amado Anthony G. Mendoza III, and Galileo S. Zafra, eds. Bien! Bien! Alagad ng Sining, Anak ng Bayan [Art’s Adherent, the Nation’s Offspring]. Festschrift for Bienvenido L. Lumbera. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Sentro ng Wikang Filipino. Roland B. Tolentino, “Desire, Neoliberalism, Hollywood, and Asian Cinemas”; Romulo P. Baquiran Jr., “Pagtagos ng Mitiko at Modernidad sa mga Piling Metasineng Tula/Sugidanon [Infusion of Myth and Modernity in Selected Metafilmic Poetry / Panay Epics].”

Grant, Paul Douglas, ed. Vernacular and Regional Cinemas in the Philippines. Special issue of Plaridel: A Philippine Journal of Communication, Media, and Society, vol. 17, no. 2. Quezon City: College of Mass Communication [of the] University of the Philippines.

Guarneri, Michael. Conversations with Lav Diaz. Bologna: Massimiliano Piretti Editore.

Isla, Veronica L. The Face of Urban Poverty in the Cinema of [Lino] Brocka. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.

Jacobo, Jaya, ed. Nora [Aunor]. Special issue of Bikol Studies: Perspectives & Advocacies, issue no. 1. Naga City: Ateneo de Naga University.

Kung, Kaby Wing-Sze, ed. Reconceptualizing the Digital Humanities in Asia: New Representations of Art, History and Culture. Digital Culture and Humanities series no. 2 (Challenges and Developments in a Globalized Asia). Singapore: Springer Nature. Jose Gutierrez III, “Cinematic Contemplation Online: The Art and Philosophy of Life-world Series (2017)”; regarding Life-world Series, dir. Joni Gutierrez (Hong Kong Baptist University, 2017).

Labiste, Ma. Diosa, ed. Duterte and Disinformation. Special issue of Plaridel: A Philippine Journal of Communication, Media, and Society, vol. 17, no. 1. Quezon City: College of Mass Communication [of the] University of the Philippines. Adjani Guerrero Arumpac, “Regenerative Documentary: Posthuman Art in the Context of the Philippine Drug War”; Carlo Gabriel “Choy” Pangilinan, “Mula kay GMA Hanggang kay Duterte: Kritika sa Ilang Dokumentaryong Politikal at Pagmamapa sa Tunguhin ng Dokumentaryo sa Panahong Pinapaslang ang Politikal [From (Philippine Presidents Gloria Macapagal Arroyo) to (Rodrigo Roa) Duterte: A Critique of Selected Political Documentaries and a Mapping of Documentary Trends during the Slaughter of Political (Participants)].”

Lacuesta, Angelo Rodriguez [as Sarge Lacuesta], and Mookie Katigbak-Lacuesta. Walking the City of Literature: A Film and Literary Guide to Quezon City. Quezon City: Office of the City Mayor.

Lee, Ricky. Kulang na Silya at Iba Pang Kuwentong Buhay [Missing Chairs and Other Life Stories]: Essays on Life and Writing. Quezon City: Philippine Writers Studio Foundation. Reminiscences and lessons by the country’s premiere scriptwriter.

Lico, Gerard. PA(ng)LABAS: Architecture + Cinema – Projection of Filipino Space in Film. 2nd ed. Quezon City: Arc Lico International Services. “A new essay tracing the development and decline of Filipino cinema houses, referred to in this book as Popcorn Palaces, is the main highlight of this book and features rare archival images” (author’s Facebook announcement).

Lim, Noel F., Joey Agbayani, and David Hontiveros. Hotel Purgatorio. Los Angeles: Dizzy Emu Publishing. Unproduced filmscript.

Malay, Tato. How to Become a Star.. Now!!! The Seven Universal Laws and Principles of Attraction to Be a Star. [Metro Manila]: Tato Malay. Philippine-edition cover is titled 7 Universal Laws and Principles of Attraction to Be a Star and contains the all-caps text “Nobody gives you a break except yourself, you attract it,” while the foreign edition excludes the text The Seven Universal Laws and Principles of Attraction to Be a Star from the cover though not in bookstore listings; emphasis is on local and foreign musicians including crossover talents Lea Salonga, Rico J. Puno, Andrew E., Marco Sison, Jojo Alejar, and Jenine Desiderio (double-dot ellipsis in original title).

Peterson, Andrea L., Gaspar A. Vibal, Christopher A. Datol, and Nicanor A. Lajom. Fifty Shades of Philippine Art: Philippine Cinematic Art. 50 Shades of Philippine Art series. Quezon City: Vibal.

Renske, David. Cirio H. Santiago: Unbekannter Meister des B-Films [Unknown Master of B-Films]. Birkenfeld, Germany: Creepy*Images. “Unlike our other publications this book is very text-heavy and therefore in German language only! But we are already discussing the release of an English version as well” (Creepy*Images website announcement).

Shimizu, Celine Parreñas. The Proximity of Other Skins: Ethical Intimacy in Global Cinema. New York: Oxford University Press. Chapters tackle Gerardo Calagui’s Mga Gabing Kasinghaba ng Hair Ko [Those Long Haired Nights] (Epicmedia & Outpost Visual Frontier, 2017) and PJ Raval’s Call Her Ganda (Unraval Pictures, Fork Films, & Naked Edge Films, 2018); Brillante Mendoza’s Tirador [Slingshot] (Centerstage Productions, Rollingball Entertainment, & Ignite Media, 2007), Serbis [Service] (Centerstage Productions, Swift Productions, & Asian Cinema Fund, 2008), and Ma’ Rosa (Centerstage Productions, 2016); and Ramona S. Diaz’s Imelda (CineDiaz, ITVS, & String and Can, 2004) and David Byrne’s Here Lies Love (Nonesuch Records & Todomundo, 2010-17).

Sollano, Francis, and Jose Mari B. Cuartero, eds. Interdisciplinarity in the Philippine Academia: Theory, History, and Challenges. Forum of Kritika Kultura, nos. 33 & 34. Quezon City: Department of English [of the] Ateneo de Manila University, 2020. Louie Jon A. Sánchez, “Ilang Eksplorasyon sa Pag-Aaral ng Kulturang Popular sa Filipinas [Some Explorations in the Study of Popular Culture in the Philippines].”

Vibal, Gaspar A., and Dennis S. Villegas. Philippine Cinema: 1897-2020. Ed. Teddy Co. Quezon City: Vibal Foundation. A “lavishly illustrated art book [that] not only provides a dazzling retrospective of over a hundred years of Philippine cinema…. The volume also boldly looks at the seamier side of the industry” (cover description).

2019

Arriola, Joyce L. Pelikulang Komiks [Comics Films]: Toward a Theory of Filipino Film Adaptation. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.

Bolisay, Richard. Break It to Me Gently: Essays on Filipino Film. Makati City: Everything’s Fine. Compiled primarily from author’s blog, Lilok Pelikula [Sculpting Film].

Chuaunsu, Jen, and Katherine Labayen. Isa Pa, with Feelings [Once More, with Feelings]: The Original Screenplay. Quezon City: ABS-CBN Publishing. Screenplay of Isa Pa, With Feelings, dir. Prime Cruz (Black Sheep & APT Entertainment, 2019). Includes “interviews with cast and crew, and exclusive content inside” (cover description).

Cielo, Carlo. White AF. [Pasig City]: Shonenbat Collective. A “loose account of the current ‘whiteness’ in Pinoy politics and culture” (product self-description); available at Shonenbat Collective on Facebook.

Coenen, Michael. The Apocalypse of Marlon Brando: Death and Retribution in the Philippine Jungle. St. Paul, MN: Ex Nihilo Media. Fiction “inspired by real events” (back cover), specifically the making of Francis [Ford] Coppola’s Apocalypse Now (1979).

David, Joel. Millennial Traversals: Outliers, Juvenilia, & Quondam Popcult Blabbery. Book edition. Quezon City: Amauteurish Publishing. Also available online as editions of UNITAS: Semi-Annual Peer-Reviewed International Online Journal of Advanced Research in Literature, Culture, and Society: Part 1 (Traversals within Cinema) in vol. 88, no. 1 (May 2015) and Part 2 (Expanded Perspectives) in vol. 89, no. 1 (May 2016). More information at the Ámauteurish! website.

Del Mundo, Clodualdo Jr., and Shirley Lua, eds. Direk [Director]: Essays on Filipino Filmmakers. Critical Voices series. Eastbourne, East Sussex: Sussex Academic Press.

Dhar, Nirmal. Bhin Desher Cinema [Cinema from Foreign Countries]. Howrah, India: Sahajpaath Publishers. In Bengali, for the Cinema Federation’s International Film Festival; 101 movies from countries outside India, including Posas [Shackled], dir. Lawrence Fajardo (Quantum Films & Cinemalaya Foundation, 2012).

Escudero, Love Marie [screen name Heart Evangelista]. Styled With Heart. Pasig City: Summit Publishing. “Besides letting readers in on her styling mindset, Heart also lets them into her private life by sharing stories about her family, her showbiz beginnings, her life with Senator Chiz Escudero and their dogs, and the penchant for painting that has led her to hold art exhibits, create handbag paintings, and have her very own collection under womenswear label Kamiseta” (Summit Media website); preceded by This Is Me, Love Marie (2015).

Gacoscos, Blaise C. Just a Stranger. Pasig City: VRJ Books. Novelization of Just a Stranger, dir. Jason Paul Laxamana (Viva Films, 2019).

Guillermo, Alice. Frisson: The Collected Criticism of Alice Guillermo. Ed. Patrick D. Flores & Roberto G. Paulino. Quezon City: Philippine Contemporary Art Network. “The Walking Tall Syndrome”; “National Identity and the Artist”; “The Many Faces of Censorship”; “Rejecting the Anti-Women in Art and Media”; “Book-Burning in the 20th Century,” on the censorship of the Isip Pinoy [Pinoy Mentality] TV program. Available at the Philippine Contemporary Art Network website.

Hanna, Monica, and Rebecca A. Sheehan, eds. Border Cinema: Reimagining Identity through Aesthetics. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. José B. Capino, “Filipinos at the Border: Migrant Workers in Transnational Philippine Cinema.”

Icabandi, Arlo. Clarita: Hanggang Saan Ka Kayang Dalhin ng Iyong Pananampalataya? [How Far Can Your Faith Take You?]. Quezon City: ABS-CBN Publishing. Novelization of Clarita, dir. Derick Cabrido (Black Sheep, Purple Pig, & Clever Minds, 2019).

Jadaone, Antoinette. Alone/Together. Quezon City: ABS-CBN Publishing. Screenplay of Alone/Together, dir. Antoinette Jadaone (Black Sheep & Project 8 Corner San Joaquin Projects, 2019).

Keppy, Peter. Tales of Southeast Asia’s Jazz Age: Filipinos, Indonesians and Popular Culture, 1920-1936. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press.

Lacap, Iris. Barcelona: A Love Untold. Quezon City: ABS-CBN Publishing. Novelization of Barcelona: A Love Untold, dir. Olivia M. Lamasan (ABS-CBN Film Productions & Star Cinema, 2016).

Lasar, Charmaine. Hello, Love, Goodbye: The Novel. Quezon City: ABS-CBN Publishing. Novelization of Hello, Love, Goodbye, dir. Cathy Garcia-Molina (Star Cinema, 2019).

Lim, Michael Kho. Philippine Cinema and the Cultural Economy of Distribution. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.

Makinwander [Maki De Luna]. Between Maybes. Quezon City: ABS-CBN Books. Novelization of Between Maybes, dir. Jason Paul Laxamana (Black Sheep, 2019).

Malanum, Ash M. Unforgettable. Pasig City: VRJ Books. Novelization of Unforgettable, dirs. Perci Intalan & Jun Robles Lana (Viva Films & Ideafirst Co., 2019).

Mique, Benedict. MOMOL Nights: The Original Screenplay. Quezon City: ABS-CBN Publishing. Screenplay of MOMOL Nights, dir. Benedict Mique (Dreamscape Digital & Lonewolf Films, 2019); MOMOL is the anagram for “make-out make-out lang” or engaging in “merely” non-penetrative sexual activity.

Promkhuntong, Wikanda, and Bertha Chin, eds. Fandom and Cinephilia in Southeast Asia. Special issue of Plaridel: A Philippine Journal of Communication, Media, and Society, vol. 16, no. 2. Quezon City: College of Mass Communication [of the] University of the Philippines. Richard Bolisay, “‘Yes, You Belong to Me!’ Reflections on the JaDine [James Reid & Nadine Lustre] Love Team Fandom in the Age of Twitter and in the Context of Filipino Fan Culture”; Leticia Tojos, “Empowering Marginalized Filipinos Through Participatory Video Production.”

Vera, Rody. Two Women as Specters of History: Lakambini [Noblewoman] and Indigo Child. Ed. Ellen Ongkeko-Marfil. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. Screenplays of Lakambini, dir. Ellen Ongkeko-Marfil & Jeffrey Jeturian (unfinished); and Indigo Child, dir. Ellen Ongkeko-Marfil (Erasto Films, 2017).

Viva Films. Miracle in Cell No. 7. Pasig City: VRJ Books. Regarding the production of Miracle in Cell No. 7, dir. Nuel C. Naval (Viva Films, 2019), remake of 7-beon-bang-ui seon-mul, dir. Hwan-kyung Lee (Fineworks & CL Entertainment, 2013).

Yap, Darryl. Jowable [Lover Material]. Pasig City: VRJ Books. Novelization of #Jowable, dir. Darryl Yap (Viva Films & VinCentiments, 2019). Based on videos first posted on Facebook; “jowa” is a contraction of “jowawa,” originally gay lingo for asawa or spouse, with the first sound replaced by “j-” (sometimes “sh-”) as a pseudo-French affectation from the 1970s.

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2018

Baltazar, Dwein. Exes Baggage. Quezon City: ABS-CBN Publishing. Screenplay of Exes Baggage, dir. Dan Villegas (Black Sheep, 2018).

Bautista, Mark. Beyond the Mark. Pasig City: VRJ Books. Singer, actor, & model’s coming-out narrative.

Bernardo, Sigrid Andrea. Kita Kita [I See You]: The Novel. Pasig City: VRJ Books. Novelization of Kita Kita, dir. Sigrid Andrea Bernardo (Spring Films, 2017).

Bonifacio, Bobby Jr., and Juvy G. Galamiton. Hospicio [Hospice]: The Original Screenplay. Quezon City: ABS-CBN Publishing. Screenplay of Hospicio, dir. Bobby Bonifacio Jr. (Cinema One & Project 8 Corner San Joaquin Projects, 2018).

Cabagnot, Edward delos Santos. Martin Heidegger’s Being and Time & Manuel Silos’s Biyaya ng Lupa [Blessings of the Land]. Media and Communication series. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. A study of the 1927 Seit und Zeit text (in English translation) vis-à-vis Biyaya ng Lupa, dir. Manuel Silos (LVN Pictures, 1959).

Cais, Ethelinda. Mr. and Mrs. Cruz: The Novel. Pasig City: VRJ Books. Novelization of Mr. and Mrs. Cruz, dir. Sigrid Andrea Bernardo (IdeaFirst Co. & Viva Films, 2018).

De Veyra, Lourd Ernest H. History with Lourd: Tsismis Noon, Kasaysayan Ngayon [Once Rumor, Now History]. Pasig City: Summit Publishing. The volume “gathers in book form noteworthy episodes from the multi-awarded history program of the same name which ran on TV5 from 2013 to 2016” (Summit Books website).

Deyto, Epoy. Krisis at Pelikula: Mga Paunang Tala tungkol sa mga Imahe at Eksena sa Panahon ng Digma [Crisis and Film: Preliminary Notes about Images and Scenes during a Time of War]. Pasig City: TollidBilly & Shonenbat Collective. Available at the author’s Missing Codec blog.

Flores, Pao. She’s the One: The Novel. Quezon City: ABS-CBN Publishing. Novelization of She’s the One, dir. Mae Czarina Cruz (ABS-CBN Film Productions & Star Cinema, 2013).

Goyo: Ang Batang Heneral [The Young General]: The History Behind the Movie. Mandaluyong City: Anvil Publishing. Regarding Goyo: Ang Batang Heneral, dir. Jerrold Tarog (TBA Studios, Artikulo Uno Productions, & Globe Studios, 2018); containing “an interview with Isagani Giron” (cover description).

Gracio, Jerry B. Bagay Tayo [We’re Compatible]. Pasay City: Visprint. On the scriptwriter’s professional experience and intense personal relationship with Raymond Reña, nicknamed “Pitbull”; accompanied by a simultaneously published book of poetry titled Hindi Bagay [Incompatible].

Icabandi, Arlo. Double Twisting Double Back: The Novel. Quezon City: ABS-CBN Publishing. Novelization of Double Twisting Double Back, dir. Joseph Abello (Cinema One Originals, #TeamMSB, & Black Maria Pictures, 2018).

Kim Young-woo, ed. Centennial Anniversary of the Philippine Cinema: Cinema, as a Response to the Nation. Busan: Busan International Film Festival. Retrospective volume, with Korean translations.

Lapus, John. Pang MMK [For (the television program) Maalaala Mo Kaya / Would You Remember]: The Original Screenplay. Quezon City: ABS-CBN Publishing. Screenplay of Pang MMK, dir. John Lapus (Cinema One Originals, 2018).

Lasar, Charmaine. The Hows of Us: The Novel. Quezon City: ABS-CBN Publishing. Novelization of The Hows of Us, dir. Cathy Garcia-Molina (ABS-CBN Film Productions & Star Cinema, 2018).

Ner, Sonia P., Louise Arianne C. Ferriols, and Angelo J. Aguinaldo. Filming in the Philippines. [Pasig City]: Film Development Council of the Philippines.

Olgado, Benedict Salazar, ed. Cinema and the Archives in the Philippines. Special issue of Plaridel: A Philippine Journal of Communication, Media, and Society, vol. 15, no. 2. Quezon City: College of Mass Communication [of the] University of the Philippines. Bliss Cua Lim, “Fragility, Perseverance, and Survival in State-Run Philippine Archives”; Bernadette Rose Alba Patino, “From Colonial Policy to National Treasure: Tracing the Making of Audiovisual Heritage in the Philippines”; Rosemarie O. Roque, “Artsibo at Sineng Bayan: Pagpapanatili ng Kolektibong Alaala at Patuloy na Kolektibong Pagsalungat sa Kasinungalingan at Panunupil [Archive and National Cinema: Preserving Collective Memory and the Continuing Collective Resistance against Lies and Repression]”; Nick Deocampo, “Envisioning a Rhizomic Audio-Visual Archiving for the Future.”

Sycip, Rinka. Miss Granny. Pasig City: VRJ Books. Screenplay of Miss Granny, dir. Joyce Bernal (Viva Films & N2 Productions, 2018), remake of Soo-sang-han geun-yeo, dir. Dong-hyuk Hwang (Yeinplus Entertainment & CJ Entertainment, 2014); also “with lots of scenes not found in the movie, and several photos from the movie itself” (Viva Books website).

Villamor, Irene Emma. Meet Me in St. Gallen. Pasig City: VRJ Books. Screenplay of Meet Me in St. Gallen, dir. Irene Emma Villamor (Spring Films & Viva Films, 2018).

———. Sid & Aya (Not A Love Story). Pasig City: VRJ Books. Screenplay of Sid & Aya (Not A Love Story), dir. Irene Emma Villamor (Viva Films & N2 Productions, 2018).

Zyrus, Jake. I Am Jake. Mandaluyong City: Anvil Publishing. Transition account of the singer deadnamed Charice Pempengco.

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2017

Ancheta, Maria Rhodora G. Halakhak [Laughter]: National Humor in Philippine Popular Cultural Forms. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Includes studies on comic strips, digital media, and the films of Dolphy.

Bernal, Ishmael, Jorge Arago, and Angela Stuart Santiago. Pro Bernal Anti Bio. Manila: ABS-CBN Publishing. Biography of Ishmael Bernal, authorizing Jorge Arago, completed by Angela Stuart Santiago.

Cabahug, Eric. Deadma Walking [Superciliously Walking]. Pasig City: VRJ Books. Novelization of Deadma Walking, dir. Julius Alfonso (T-Rex Entertainment Productions, 2017); “dedma,” a contraction of “dead malice” (a transliteration of “patay malisya”), refers to feigning ignorance.

Chua, Jonathan, Rosario Cruz-Lucero, and Rolando B. Tolentino, eds. A Reader in Philippine Film: History and Criticism (Essays in Honor of [film & culture critic] Nicanor G. Tiongson). Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.

David, Joel. Manila by Night: A Queer Film Classic. Queer Film Classics series, eds. Thomas Waugh & Matthew Hays. Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press. A study of Manila by Night, dir. Ishmael Bernal (Regal Films, 1980).

Deocampo, Nick, ed. Early Cinema in Asia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Dizon, Christianne, ed. Team Real: Your All-Access Pass into James Reid & Nadine Lustre’s World. Pasig City: VRJ Books.

Espiritu, Talitha. Passionate Revolutions: The Media and the Rise and Fall of the Marcos Regime. Ohio University Research in International Studies Southeast Asia Series No. 132. Athens: Ohio University Press. “National Discipline and the Cinema”; “The New Politics, Lino Brocka, and People Power”; “The Force of National Allegory.”

Fantauzzo, Laurel. The First Impulse. Mandaluyong City: Anvil Publishing. On the unsolved September 2009 murder case of film critics Alexis Tioseco and his Slovenian partner Nika Bohinc.

Gomez, Jerome. Batch ’81: The Making of a Mike de Leon Film. Singapore: Asian Film Archive. Regarding Batch ’81, dir. Mike de Leon (MVP Pictures, 1982).

Ha Ju-yong, ed. Hallyu in and for Asia. Forum of Kritika Kultura, no. 28. Quezon City: Department of English [of the] Ateneo de Manila University. Joel David, “Remembering the Forgotten War: Origins of the Korean War Film and Its Development during Hallyu”; Maria Luisa Torres Reyes, “Multicultural Bildungsroman: Coming of Age between Han and Sana.”

Lacap, Iris. Crazy Beautiful You: The Novel. Quezon City: ABS-CBN Publishing. Novelization of Crazy Beautiful You, dir. Mae Czarina Cruz [as Mae Cruz-Alviar] (ABS-CBN Film Productions & Star Cinema, 2015).

Laxamana, Jason Paul. 100 Tula Para Kay Stella [100 Poems for Stella]. Pasig City: VRJ Books. Novelization of 100 Tula Para Kay Stella, dir. Jason Paul Laxamana (Viva Films, 2017).

Leavold, Andrew. The Search for Weng Weng. Melbourne: LedaTape Organisation. On the filming of The Search for Weng Weng documentary, dir. Andrew Leavold (Death Rides a Red Horse & Turkeyshoot Productions, 2013).

Lopez, Lori Kido, and Vincent Pham, eds. The Routledge Companion to Asian American Media. Routledge Media and Cultural Studies Companions. New York: Routledge. Cecilia S. Uy-Tioco, “Transnational Ties: Elite Filipino Migrants and Polymedia Environments.”

Mendoza, Maine. Yup, I Am that Girl. Pasig City: Summit Publishing. On the comedian, host, and viral internet personality who attained TV prominence with the AlDub kalyeserye (street series) via a fictional romance with Alden Richards.

Mijares, Primitivo. The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos: Revised and Annotated. Quezon City: Bughaw. Original published in 1976.

National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Bilang Filipinas: A Primer on Philippine Cultural Statistics. Manila: NCCA. “Bilang” means both counting and representing.

Pichay, Nicolas B. Maxie: Book & Lyrics by Nicolas B. Pichay, Adapted from the Screenplay of Michiko Yamamoto. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Publishing House. Based on Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros [The Blossoming of Maximo Oliveros], dir. Aureaus Solito (Cinemalaya & UFO Pictures, 2005).

Ramsey, Sansu. Elizabeth Ramsey: Queen of Philippine Rock n’ Roll. Scotts Valley, CA: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. Authorized biography of the late multimedia entertainer, of Jamaican and Spanish descent, by her daughter.

Rodis, Girlie, ed. Ang Larawan [The Portrait]: From Stage to Screen. Mandaluyong City: Anvil Publishing. Includes the screenplay by Alemberg Ang, Loy Arcenas, Ryan Cayabyab, Waya Gallardo, Celeste Legaspi, Dennis Marasigan, Girlie Rodis, & Rolando Tinio of Ang Larawan, dir. Loy Arcenas (Culturtain Musicat Productions, 2017).

Tiongson, Nicanor G., ed. Broadcast Arts. Vol. 10 (of 12 vols.) of Cultural Center of the Philippines Encyclopedia of Philippine Art. 2nd edition. Manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines & the Office of the Chancellor, University of the Philippines Diliman. No equivalent volume in the 1st edition of the CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art.

———, ed. Film. Vol. 6 (of 12 vols.) of Cultural Center of the Philippines Encyclopedia of Philippine Art. 2nd edition. Manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines & the Office of the Chancellor, University of the Philippines Diliman. Equivalent volume of Philippine Film, vol. 8 in the 1st edition of the CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art.

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2016

Africa, Antonio P. Expressions of Tagalog Imaginary: The Tagalog Sarswela and Kundiman in Early Films in the Philippines (1939-1959). Full issue of UNITAS: Semi-Annual Peer-Reviewed International Online Journal of Advanced Research in Literature, Culture, and Society, vol. 89, no. 2. Manila: University of Santo Tomas.

Aitken, Ian, and Camille Deprez, eds. The Colonial Documentary Film in South and South-East Asia. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. José B. Capino, “Figures of Empire: American Documentaries in the Philippines.”

Balce, Nerissa. Body Parts of Empire: Visual Abjection, Filipino Images, and the American Archive. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Bernardo, Kathryn. Everyday Kath: Kathryn Bernardo’s 365 Ways To Be Your Own Teen Queen. Pasig City: Summit Publishing. “Compiles 365 anecdotes, lessons and tips that you can use so you can also become your own Teen Queen” (Facebook page).

The Best of Ang Pinaka [The Most]. Pasig City: Summit Publishing. Cover is spiked with text including “Kilig na [Thrilling] Showbiz Loveteams”; “Convincing Evidence Aliens Are Real”; “Exotic Pinoy Food”; “Controversial Selfies”; “#GGSS [Gandang-Ganda (or Guwapong-Guwapo) sa Sarili, meaning Feeling Beautiful (or Handsome) about Oneself]”; “Amazing Wonders ng Pilipinas [of the Philippines]”; “Featuring Some of the Funniest, Wittiest, and Most Memorable Episodes from [Global Media Arts Network]’s Award-Winning Info-tainment Show!”; “Plus! A Whole New List of Topics na Magpapatawa, Mananakot, at Magpapakilig sa Lahat [that Will Amuse, Scare, and Titillate Everyone]!”

Campos, Patrick F. The End of National Cinema: Filipino Film at the Turn of the Century. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.

———, ed. Intellectuals, the Public Arena, and the Nation. Special issue of Plaridel: A Philippine Journal of Communication, Media, and Society, vol. 13, no. 1. Quezon City: College of Mass Communication [of the] University of the Philippines. Joyce Arriola, “Visual Artists as Literary Artists: Fantasy and Folklore in 1950s Komiks-to-Film Adaptations.”

David, Adam, Carljoe Javier, Noel Pascual, and Mervin Malonzo. Shake Rattle & Roll: Kahindik-hindik na Klasikong Katatakutan [Terrifying Horror Classics]. Quezon City: ABS-CBN Publishing. Based on Shake, Rattle & Roll II, dir. Peque Gallaga & Lore Reyes (Regal Films, 1990).

David, Joel. Book Texts: A Pinoy Film Course. Original digital edition. Quezon City: Amauteurish Publishing. A collection drawn from previous book publications, available exclusively at the Ámauteurish! website.

Deocampo, Nick. Eiga: Cinema in the Philippines during World War II. Vol. 3 (out of 5) of Reflections on One Hundred Years of Cinema in the Philippines series. Mandaluyong City: Anvil Publishing. Preceded by Film (2011) and succeeded by Alter/Native (2021).

Deramas, Wenn V. Direk 2 da Poynt [Direct(or) to the Point]. Pasig City: VRJ Books. Written and published autobiography, posthumously launched.

Elly, Queen. Vince & Kath series. 7 volumes, with vols. 6 & 7 titled Vince & Kath & James. Quezon City: ABS-CBN Publishing. Origin of and takeoff from Vince & Kath & James, dir. Theodore Boborol (Star Cinema, 2016). Originally a “textserye” (“social serye” on the book covers) appearing on Facebook, comprising exchanges among the characters, with the later books bearing individual titles: Book 2, Remember; Book 3, Promise; Book 4, Walang Titibag [None Can Destroy]; Book 5, Cheer and Var (Kath & Vince’s respective terms of endearment); Book 6, The Reunion; and Book 7, The Finale. (Per Roumella Nina L. Monge, in an email exchange, “books 5 & 6 were developed alongside the creation of the film.”)

Grant, Paul Douglas, and Misha Boris Anissimov. Lilas [Film]: An Illustrated History of the Golden Ages of Cebuano Cinema. Cebu City: University of San Carlos Press.

Lo, Ricardo F. Conversations Pa More. Pasig City: VRJ Books. Sequel of Conversations with Ricky Lo (2001).

Loriga, Renato. Autohystoria: Visioni postcoloniali del nuovo cinema filippino [Postcolonial Visions of the New Filipino Cinema]. Studi postcoloniali di cinema e media series no. 4. Canterano, RM: Aracne editrice. A study of Autohystoria, dir. Raya Martin (Cinematografica, 2007).

Manalansan, Martin F., and Augusto F. Espiritu, eds. Filipino Studies: Palimpsests of Nation and Diaspora. New York: New York University Press. Robert Diaz’s “Redressive Nationalisms, Queer Victimhood, and Japanese Duress” discusses the claims of Walter Dempster Jr. a.k.a. [Walterina] Markova: Comfort Gay [male enslaved for sex work by the Japanese Imperial Army during World War II], dir. Gil Portes (RVQ Productions, 2000).

Manzanilla, JPaul S., and Caroline S. Hau, eds. Remembering/Rethinking EDSA. Mandaluyong City: Anvil Publishing. Joel David, “Grains & Flickers”; Patrick D. Flores, “A Cinema in Transition: Initial Incursions.”

Pascual, Chuckberry J. Pagpasok sa Eksena: Ang Sinehan sa Panitikan at Pag-aaral ng Piling Sinehan sa Recto [Scene Entrance: The Movie House in Literature and the Study of Selected Theaters along Recto (Avenue)]. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.

Richards, Alden. Alden Richards: In My Own Words. Pasig City: Summit Publishing. On the actor who attained TV prominence with the AlDub kalyeserye (street series) via a fictional romance with Maine Mendoza.

Tolentino, Rolando B. Indie Cinema at mga Sanaysay sa Topograpiya ng Pelikula ng Filipinas [Indie Cinema and Essays on the Topography of Philippine Cinema]. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Publishing House.

———. Keywords: Essays on Philippine Media Cultures and Neocolonialisms. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Travers, Steven. Coppola’s Monster Film: The Making of Apocalypse Now. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. Regarding Apocalypse Now, dir. Francis Ford Coppola (American Zoetrope, 1979).

Velasquez, Regine. Bongga sa Kusina [Fab in the Kitchen]: Recipes from Sarap Diva. Pasig City: Summit Publishing. “Sarap” means “delicious,” although “sarap diva” also resembles gayspeak for “yummy, isn’t it.”

Yoneno-Reyes, Michiyo, & Yuko O. Hirano, eds. Filipino Nurse Migration under [Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement]. Special issue of Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia, vol. 52, no. 2. Quezon City: Asian Center [of the] University of the Philippines. Angelo Arriola, review of Anthony Chen’s Ilo Ilo (Singapore Film Commission, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, & Fisheye Pictures, 2013); Domar Balmes, review of Lawrence Fajardo’s Imbisibol (Sinag Maynila & Solar Entertainment, 2015).

2015

Bandhauer, Andrea, and Michelle Royer, eds. Stars in World Cinema: Screen Icons and Star Systems Across Cultures. London: I.B. Tauris. Bliss Cua Lim, “Sharon’s Noranian Turn: Stardom, Race, and Language in Philippine Cinema” discusses Sharon Cuneta’s successful replication of Nora Aunor’s early rags-to-riches-via-singing film persona.

Baumgärtel, Tilman, ed. A Reader on International Media Piracy: Pirate Essays. MediaMatters series. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Tilman Baumgärtel, “The Triumph of the Pirates: Books, Letters, Movies, and Vegan Candy – Not a Conclusion.”

David, Joel, ed. On Nora Aunor and the Philippine Star System. Forum of Kritika Kultura, no. 25. Quezon City: Department of English [of the] Ateneo de Manila University.

Escudero, Love Marie [screen name Heart Evangelista]. This Is Me, Love Marie. Pasig City: Summit Publishing. “The very first beauty guide by a Filipino actress” (Summit Media website); succeded by Styled With Heart (2019).

Ferrer, Noel D. Mag-Artista Ka! Mga Dapat Mong Malaman Para Sumikat sa Showbiz sa Tamang Paraan, sa Tamang Panahon [Be a Star! What You Should Learn to Get Famous in Showbiz in the Right Way, at the Right Time]. Mandaluyong City: Anvil Publishing. Filipino version of Sisikat Din Ako!

I Am Bubble Gang: The Bubble Gang 20th Anniversary Commemorative Comedy Chronicles. Pasig City: Summit Publishing. Cover text includes “IMBG” as a logo framed by “The Show – The Cast – The Viewers – The Network.”

———. Sisikat Din Ako! [I’ll Also Get Famous!] Your Guide to Making Your Mark in Show Business. Mandaluyong City: Anvil Publishing. English version of Mag-Artista Ka!

Jimenez, Ruby Rosa A., ed. Heneral Luna: The History Behind the Movie. Mandaluyong City: Anvil Publishing. Regarding Heneral Luna, dir. Jerrold Tarog (Artikulo Uno Productions, 2015), based on “an interview with Dr. Vivencio R. Jose, author of The Rise and Fall of Antonio Luna” (cover text).

Kwon Dong Hwan. Westernized Visual Representation of Jesus and the Construction of Religious Meanings: A Reception Analysis of The Jesus Film (1979) among the Mangyan Tribes. Asbury Theological Seminary Series in Christian Revitalization Studies. Lexington, KY: Emeth Press. Study of The Jesus Film, dirs. John Krish & Peter Sykes (Inspirational Films & The Genesis Project, 1979).

Lacuesta, Angelo Rodriguez, ed. Contra Mundum [Against the World]: On the Film Restoration of Nick Joaquin’s A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino. [Quezon City]: Miguel P. de Leon Publishing. Regarding A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino, dir. Lamberto V. Avellana (Diadem Productions & Cinema Artists Philippines, 1965). See Girlie Rodis (ed.), Ang Larawan [The Portrait]: From Stage to Screen (2017), for the text of the play.

Miller, Toby, ed. The Routledge Companion to Global Popular Culture. New York: Routledge. Talitha Espiritu, “Performing Native Identities: Human Displays and Indigenous Activism in Marcos’s Philippines.”

Rodriguez, Simon Godfrey, Nina Macaraig-Gamboa, and Wylzter Gutierrez. Legacy. Modern Heroes for the Filipino Youth series. Makati City: Bookmark & Studio Graphics Corp. On film & theater director Lamberto V. Avellana.

Sevilla, Juan Miguel. One More Chance. Quezon City: ABS-CBN Publishing. Novelization of One More Chance, dir. Cathy Garcia-Molina (ABS-CBN Film Productions & Star Cinema, 2007).

Siguion-Reyna, Armida, and Nelson A. Navarro. Armida. Quezon City: ABS-CBN Publishing. Comprising “The Unfinished Memoirs” by Armida Siguion-Reyna; and “Armida Siguion-Reyna: The Singer and the Song” by Nelson A. Navarro.

Tolentino, Rolando B., and Gary C. Devilles, eds. Kritikal na Espasyo ng Kulturang Popular [Critical Spaces of Popular Culture]. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.

V., Michael. The Bubble Bible by Bitoy. Pasig City: Summit Publishing. Featuring characters created by the author for the Bubble Gang TV comedy program.

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2014

Barker, Joshua, Erik Harris, and Johan Lindquist, eds. Figures of Southeast Asian Modernity. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press. José B. Capino, “Domestic Helper.”

Barrow, Sarah, Sabine Haenni, and John White, eds. The Routledge Encyclopedia of Films. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. José B. Capino, “Manila: In the Claws of Neon / Maynila: Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag[, dir. Lino Brocka (Cinema Artists, 1975)].”

Cañete, Reuben Ramas. Masculinity, Media, and Their Publics in the Philippines: Selected Essays. Media and Communication series. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. “Subjects of [the] essays in the book include post-EDSA homoerotic cinema, outright pornography, Bench billboard ads, Manny Pacquiao, and the [University of the Philippines’s symbolic] Oblation” (UP Press Facebook announcement).

David, Joel, ed. [Overseas Filipino Workers] in Foreign Cinema. Monograph of Kritika Kultura, nos. 21 & 22. Quezon City: Department of English [of the] Ateneo de Manila University.

———. Fields of Vision: The Digital Edition. Quezon City: Amauteurish Publishing. Revision & update of the 1995 book edition, available at the Ámauteurish! website.

———. The National Pastime: The Digital Edition. Quezon City: Amauteurish Publishing. Revision & update of the 1990 book edition, available at the Ámauteurish! website.

———. Wages of Cinema: The Digital Edition. Quezon City: Amauteurish Publishing. Revision & update of the 1998 book edition, available at the Ámauteurish! website.

David, Joel, and Violeda A. Umali, eds. Media and the Diaspora. Special issue of Plaridel: A Philippine Journal of Communication, Media, and Society, vol. 11, no. 1. Quezon City: College of Mass Communication [of the] University of the Philippines. Louie Jon A. Sanchez, “Koreanovelas, Teleseryes, and the ‘Diasporization’ of the Filipino/the Philippines”; Joel David, “Phantom Limbs in the Body Politic: Filipinos in Foreign Cinema”; Andrew Leavold, “Bamboo Gods and Bionic Boys: A Brief History of the Philippines’ B Films.”

De la Paz, Cecilia S., and Patrick D. Flores. Sining at Lipunan [Art and Society]. Aklat Sanyata series. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Sentro ng Wikang Filipino. 2nd edition of Patrick D. Flores & Cecilia S. de la Paz’s Sining at Lipunan (1997).

Del Mundo, Clodualdo Jr., ed. Making Waves: 10 Years of Cinemalaya [Philippine Independent Film Festival]. Mandaluyong City: Anvil Publishing.

Garcia, J. Neil C. The Postcolonial Perverse: Critiques of Contemporary Philippine Culture, Volume 1. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Table of Contents contains the heading “Volume One: The Postcolonial”; includes “Philippine Cinema: The State of the Art.”

Gutierrez-Ang, Jaime. Tanglaw Introduction to Film: An Outcomes-Based Text Manual in Film Aesthetics, Appreciation, Theory and Criticism for the Filipino Student. Manila: Mindshapers.

Hau, Caroline S. The Chinese Question: Ethnicity, Nation, and Region in and Beyond the Philippines. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2014. Includes discussions of the works of scriptwriter Ricardo Lee and producer Lily Monteverde (particularly Regal Films’ Mano Po [Your Blessing, Please] series), as well as of Armando Garces’s Dragnet (1973, scripted by Lee), Eddie Romero’s Ganito Kami Noon … Paano Kayo Ngayon? [As We Were] (1976), and Mark Meily’s Crying Ladies (2003).

Hernandez, Eloisa May P. Digital Cinema in the Philippines, 1999-2009. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.

Rice, Mark. Dean Worcester’s Fantasy Islands: Photography, Film, and the Colonial Philippines. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Tolentino, Rolando B. Contestable Nation-Space: Cinema, Cultural Politics, and Transnationalism in the Marcos-Brocka Philippines. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. On the anti-dictatorship activism of film director Lino Brocka during the regime of Ferdinand E. Marcos.

Tolentino, Rolando B., and Josefina M.C. Santos, eds. Media at Lipunan [Media and Society]. Media and Communication Textbook Series. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Nicanor G. Tiongson, “The Politics of Film Censorship.”

Tolentino, Rolando B., Patrick F. Campos, Randy Jay C. Solis, and Choy S. Pangilinan, eds. Communication and Media Theories. Media and Communication Textbook Series. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Isagani R. Cruz, “Si Lam-ang, si Fernando Poe Jr., at si Aquino: Ilang Kuro-Kuro tungkol sa Epikong Filipino [(Mythological figure) Lam-ang, (film auteur) Fernando Poe Jr., and (Benigno S.) Aquino (Jr.): A Few Ideas on the Philippine Epic]”; Rolando B. Tolentino, “Masses, Power, and Gangsterism in the Films of Joseph ‘Erap’ Estrada”; Soledad Reyes, “Ang Mambabasa/Manonood, ang ‘Mass Media,’ at ang Paglikha ng Kahulugan [The Reader/Viewer, the ‘Mass Media,’ and the Production of Meaning]”; Patrick D. Flores, “Bodies of Work: Sexual Circulation in Philippine Cinema”; Eulalio R. Guieb III, “Worlding the Third World (O Kung Paanong Nagkadaigdig ang Ikatlong Daigdig sa mga Pelikula ni Kidlat Tahimik) [Or How the Third World Became Worlded in the Films of Kidlat Tahimik].”

Uy, Liz. StyLIZed: Liz Uy’s 10 Style Essentials. Pasig City: Summit Publishing. From the film and TV performer and stylist; “each essential featured in the book was modeled by her friends and celebrity clients like Georgina Wilson, Julia Barretto, Anne Curtis, Sarah Geronimo, Isabelle Daza, Marian Rivera, Bianca Gonzales, Bea Alonzo, Toni Gonzaga, and of course, Kris Aquino” (Summit Media website).

2013

Almajose, Kathy, and JV Ramos. Kakaibang Tingin, Kakaibang Titig [Different Look, Different Gaze]: An Appreciation of the Golden Period in Philippine Cinema. [Batangas City]: La Abuela Publishing House.

Castillo, Celso Ad. Celso Ad. Castillo: An Autobiography & His Craft. [Manila]: CELCAS Film Entertainment.

Enriquez, Elizabeth L., ed. Media and Gender Identity. Special issue of Plaridel: A Philippine Journal of Communication, Media, and Society, vol. 10, no. 2. Quezon City: College of Mass Communication [of the] University of the Philippines. Rommel B. Rodriguez, “Representasyon ng Pagkalalaki sa Pelikulang Bakbakan ni FPJ [Representation of Masculinity in the Action Film of Fernando Poe Jr.].”

Fabie, Celine Beatrice. Mona Lisa: A Portrait from the Memoirs of a Grandmother. Parañaque City: Mona Lisa Publication. On the globally renowned film performer.

Fernandez, Manuel B., and Ronald K. Constantino. A Tribute to the Movie Queen Carmen Rosales: Ang Tangi Kong Pag-ibig [My Only Love]. Makati City: DLD Publishing.

Gamboa, Jose T. Brocka: The Filmmaker without Fear. Modern Heroes for the Filipino Youth series. Makati City: Bookmark. On Filipino director Lino Brocka.

Hau, Caroline S., Isabelita O. Reyes, and Katrina Tuvera, eds. Querida [Paramour]: An Anthology. Mandaluyong City: Anvil Publishing. Ricky [as Ricardo] Lee, Raquel Villavicencio, and Ishmael Bernal, Relasyon [Affair], screenplay of the film, dir. Ishmael Bernal (Regal Films, 1982).

Nepales, Ruben. My Filipino Connection: The Philippines in Hollywood. Mandaluyong City: Anvil Publishing. Includes articles on Bernardo Bernardo, Vanessa Hudgens, Charice Pempengco [deadname of Jake Zyrus], Darren Criss, Bessie Badilla, Matthew Libatique, Ramona Diaz, Mikey Bustos, et al.

Tiongson, Nicanor G., ed. Media and History. Special issue of Plaridel: A Philippine Journal of Communication, Media, and Society, vol. 10, no. 1. Quezon City: College of Mass Communication [of the] University of the Philippines. José S. Buenconsejo, “Orientalism in the Narrative, Music and Myth of the Amok in the 1937 Film Zamboanga [dir. Eduardo de Castro, prod. Filippine Productions]”; Ma. Rina Locsin, “A Brief History of the Baguio Sine.”

———, ed. The Urian Anthology 2000-2009: The Rise of the Philippine New Wave Indie Film. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Includes filmography of 2000-10 Philippine film releases.

Yoneno-Reyes, Michiyo, ed. East Asian Popular Culture: Philippine Perspectives. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Asian Center.

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2012

Baluyut, Pearlie Rose S. Institutions and Icons of Patronage: Arts and Culture in the Philippines during the Marcos Years, 1965-1986. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Publishing House.

Baumgärtel, Tilman, ed. Southeast Asian Independent Cinema. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. Tilman Baumgärtel, “The Downside of Digital: A German Media Critic Plays Devil’s Advocate.”

Cruz, Denise. Transpacific Femininities: The Making of the Modern Filipina. Durham: Duke University Press. “Transpacific Femininities, Multimedia Archives, and the Global Marketplace” discusses the figure of Imelda Marcos via David Byrne & Fatboy Slim’s musical Here Lies Love: A Song Cycle about Imelda Marcos & Estrella Cumpas (Nonesuch Records & Todomundo, 2010), and describes how the deluxe edition’s DVD makes use of images from “footage of late 1970s and early 1980s club scenes [and] news clips of violence and revolt during the martial law years,” as well as scenes from Iginuhit ng Tadhana [Determined by Destiny]: The Ferdinand E. Marcos Story, dir. Conrado Conde, Jose de Villa, & Mar S. Torres (777 Films & Sampaguita Pictures, 1965).

David, Joel, ed. A Closer Look at Manila by Night. Forum of Kritika Kultura, no. 19. Quezon City: Department of English [of the] Ateneo de Manila University. A study of Manila by Night, dir. Ishmael Bernal (Regal Films, 1980); includes the screenplay by Ishmael Bernal, transcribed by Joel David and translated to English by Alfred A. Yuson.

Ingawanij, May Adadol, and Benjamin McKay, eds. Glimpses of Freedom: Independent Cinema in Southeast Asia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications. Tilman Baumgärtel, “The Piracy Generation: Media Piracy and Independent Film in Southeast Asia”; Eloisa May P. Hernandez, “The Beginnings of Digital Cinema in Southeast Asia”; Alexis A. Tioseco, “Like the Body and the Soul: Independence and Aesthetics in Contemporary Philippine Cinema”; John Torres, “Piracy Boom Boom.”

Kim Youna, ed. Women and the Media in Asia: The Precarious Self. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Bliss Cua Lim, “Fandom, Consumption and Collectivity in the Philippine New Cinema: Nora and the Noranians.”

Lanot, Marra PL. Darna & Other Idols. Mandaluyong City: Anvil Publishing. Feature articles on Ryan Agoncillo, Gina Alajar, Lualhati Bautista, Ryan Cayabyab, Lucy & Richard Gomez, Marian Rivera, Rosanna Roces, Vilma Santos & Ralph Recto, Ali Sotto, et al.

Lee, Ricky. Sa Puso ng Himala [In the Heart of Miracle]. Quezon City: Philippine Writers Studio Foundation. Screenplay of Himala, dir. Ishmael Bernal (Experimental Cinema of the Philippines, 1982), production notes, interviews.

Reyes, Soledad S. Salungat [Opposed]: A Soledad S. Reyes Reader. Ed. David Jonathan Y. Bayot. Academica Filipina series. Quezon City: Vibal Foundation. “Si Erap Para sa Mahirap [Joseph Estrada for the Poor]: The Discourse of the Powerless”; “Fernando Poe Jr.: The Making of a Legend.”

Shimizu, Celine Parreñas. Straitjacket Sexualities: Unbinding Asian American Manhoods in the Movies. Asian America series. Stanford: Stanford University Press. “The Marvelous Plenty of Asian American Men: Independent Film as a Technology of Ethics” discusses The Debut, dir. Gene Cajayon (5 Card Productions, Celestial Pictures, Center for Asian American Media, National Asian American Telecommunications Association, Visual Communication, 2000), among other titles.

Tolentino, Rolando B., ed. Queer Media and Representations. Special issue of Plaridel: A Philippine Journal of Communication, Media, and Society, vol. 9, no. 2. Quezon City: College of Mass Communication [of the] University of the Philippines. Joel David, “Thinking Straight: Queer Imaging in Lino Brocka’s Maynila[: Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag / Manila: In the Claws of Neon, dir. Lino Brocka, prod. Cinema Artists] (1975)”; J. Neil C. Garcia, “Postcolonial Camp: Hybridity and Performative Inversions in ZsaZsa Zaturnnah [Ze Moveeh, dir. Joel Lamangan, prod. Regal Films, Regal Multimedia, & Ignite Entertainment (2006)].”

2011

Cheung, Esther M.K., Gina Marchetti, and Tan See-Kam, eds. Hong Kong Screenscapes: From the New Wave to the Digital Frontier. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. Roger Garcia, John Woo, & Jessica Hagedorn’s “Alternative Perspectives/Alternative Cinemas: Modern Films and the Hong Kong Experimental Scene” comprises “a discussion of a representative program of experimental films by three filmmakers – Jim Shum, Comyn Mo, and [Filipino] Raymond Red, all produced in Hong Kong and Manila in the 1980s under Garcia’s Modern Films Productions company, and shown at the Hollywood/Hong Kong at the Borders: Alternative Perspectives, Alternative Cinema symposium in April 2004” (chapter description in Oxford Index).

Deocampo, Nick. Film: American Influences on Philippine Cinema. Vol. 2 (out of 5) of Reflections on One Hundred Years of Cinema in the Philippines series. Mandaluyong City: Anvil Publishing. Preceded by Cine (2007) and succeeded by Eiga (2016).

Devera, Jojo. Si Elwood, Pelikula, Atbp. [Elwood, Film, Etc.]. Quezon City: Jojo Devera. A study of Elwood Perez as filmmaker.

Kapur, Jyotsna, and Keith B. Wagner, eds. Neoliberalism and Global Cinema: Capital, Culture, and Marxist Critique. New York: Routledge. Bliss Cua Lim, “Gambling on Life and Death: Neoliberal Rationality and the Films of Jeffrey Jeturian.”

Lumbera, Bienvenido. Re-Viewing Filipino Cinema. Mandaluyong City: Anvil Publishing. Includes articles previously published in Revaluation (1984 & 1997).

Orengo, Oscar Fernández. 44 cineastas Filipinos / 44 Filipino Filmmakers / 44 mga Sineastang Pilipino. [Manila]: Instituto Cervantes de Manila.

Pertierra, Raul, ed. Cultural Hybridities of the Philippines. Special issue of Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia, vol. 47. Quezon City: Asian Center [of the] University of the Philippines. Mizhelle D. Agcaoili, “Hybrid Identities: Filipino Fansubbers of Japanese Media and Self-Construction.”

Philippine LGBT-Related Films, Including: Masahista [Masseur, dir. Brillante Mendoza (Gee Films Productions International & Centerstage Productions, 2005)], Aishite Imasu 1941: Mahal Kita [I Love You, dir. Joel Lamangan (Regal Films, 2004)], Miguel/Michelle [dir. Gil Portes (Forefront Films, 1998)], Macho Dancer [dir. Lino Brocka (Award Films, Special People Productions & Viva Films, 1988)], Ang Lalaki sa Buhay ni Selya [The Man in Selya’s Life, dir. Carlos Siguion-Reyna (Reyna Films & Star Pacific Cinema, 1987)], The Blossoming of Maximo Oliveros [dir. Aureaus Solito (Cinemalaya & UFO Pictures, 2005)], Paper Dolls (film) [dir. Tomer Heymann (Claudius Films, L.M. Media, Heymann Brothers Films, & The Film Sales, 2006)], Twilight Dancers [dir. Mel Chionglo (Centerstage Productions, 2006)], Burlesk King [dir. Mel Chionglo (Seiko Films, 1999)], Markova: Comfort Gay [dir. Gil Portes (RVQ Productions, 2000)]. [Toronto: Hephaestus Books.]

San Juan, Edgar, Son-hwa Yi, Aramch’an Yi, and Hye-jong Mok. Kidlat Tahimik. JIFF ch’ongso series. [Jeonju]: Jeonju International Film Festival. On film director Kidlat Tahimik.

Santiago, Arminda Vallejo, ed. Youth and Media. Special issue of Plaridel: A Philippine Journal of Communication, Media, and Society, vol. 8, no. 2. Quezon City: College of Mass Communication [of the] University of the Philippines. Jongsuk Ham, “Fluid Identities in the Structure of Cyberspace: A Comparison of Philippine and Korean Experiences”; Pamela Marie Cruz, “Ang Karanasan ng Nakaraan sa Gunitang Viswal: Pagsusuri sa mga Pelikulang Romantiko sa Baguio [The Past Experienced via Visual Recollection: Critique of Romantic Films (set in) Baguio].”

Tolentino, Rolando B., ed. Vaginal Economy. Special issue of Positions: Asia Critique, vol. 19, no. 2. Durham: Duke University Press. On “Cinema and Sexuality in the Post-Marcos, Post-Brocka Philippines” (guest editor’s introduction).

Velarde, Emmie G. Show Biz, Seriously: A Collection of Essays and Feature Articles. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Publishing House.

2010

Arao, Danilo, ed. Global Makeover: Media and Culture in Asia. Seoul: Asian Media and Culture Forum & Development Center for Asia Africa Pacific. Conference proceedings, including Patrick F. Campos, “The New Fantasy-Adventure Film as Contemporary Epic, 2000-2007”; Joel David, “Orientalism and Classical Film Practice”; and Shirley Palileo-Evidente, “The Alternative Metaphor in Metaphors: Discursive ‘Readings’ on Language, Symbols, and Enculturation in Philippine Cinema and other Media.”

Bailey, Cameron, Frederic Maire, Piers Handling, Sergio Wolf, Wieland Speck, Kim Dong-Ho, Marco Muller, Michel Ouedraogo, and Li Cheuk-to. The Future of Film: 100 New Directors. Take 100 series. London: Phaidon Press Ltd. Each of ten film festival directors – representing Locarno, Toronto, Buenos Aires, Berlin, Pusan, Venice, Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), and Hong Kong – selected ten of “the world’s most exceptional emerging film directors” along with a representative recent film from each one (from the Library of Congress’s publisher description); includes Philippine filmmakers Raya Martin with Maicling Pelicula nañg Ysañg Indio Nacional [A Short Film About the Indio Nacional] (Atopic films & The Hubert Bals Fund of the Rotterdam Festival, 2005), Brillante Mendoza with Masahista [The Masseur] (Gee Films International & Centerstage Productions, 2005), Pepe Diokno with Engkwentro [Clash] (Cinemalaya Foundation, 2009), and Auraeus Solito with Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros [The Blossoming of Maximo Oliveros] (Cinemalaya Foundation & UFO Pictures, 2005).

Bayot, David Jonathan Y., ed. Inter/Sections: Isagani R. Cruz and Friends. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing. “A festival of writings by mentors, colleagues, friends, and students – writing in honor of [film & literary critic] Isagani R. Cruz” (David Jonathan Y. Bayot).

Brody, David. Visualizing American Empire: Orientalism and Imperialism in the Philippines. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. “Strange Travelogues: Charles Longfellow in the Orient” is about the son of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow; against his father’s wishes, he toured Asian countries, settled in the Philippines, transformed his appearance, and accumulated souvenirs & photographs (in effect, an archive) of himself and his environment.

Capino, José B. Dream Factories of a Former Colony: American Fantasies, Philippine Cinema. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Carballo, Bibsy M. Filipino Directors Up Close: The Golden Ages of Philippine Cinema, 1950-2010. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing.

Day, Tony, and Maya H.T. Liem, eds. Cultures at War: The Cold War and Cultural Expression in Southeast Asia. Studies on Southeast Asia No. 51. Ithaca, NY: Southeast Asia Program Publications. Francisco Benitez, “Filming Philippine Modernity During the Cold War: The Case of Lamberto [V.] Avellana.”

De la Cruz, Khavn, Dodo Dayao, and Mabie Alagbate. Philippine New Wave: This Is Not a Film Movement. Quezon City: Noel D. Ferrer, MovFest, and Instamatic Writings.

Del Mundo, Clodualdo Jr, ed. Spirituality and the Filipino Film. Film and Faith series. Manila: Communication Foundation for Asia.

Doraiswamy, Rashmi, and Latika Padgaonkar, eds. Asian Film Journeys: Selections from Cinemaya. New Delhi: Wisdom Tree & [Network for the Promotion of Asian Cinema]. Teddy Co, “New Philippine Cinema: Season of Hope”; Luis H. Francia, “Unchanging Times”; Aruna Vasudev & Philip Cheah, “Interview: Lino Brocka, On His Own Terms”; Clodualdo del Mundo Jr., “Eddie Romero [dir.]: Reviewing This Is the Way It Was … How Is It Today?” (Hemisphere Pictures, 1976); Noel Vera, “Call Him Ishmael [Bernal]”; Teddy Co, “Ramon A. Estella: Troubadour Filmmaker.”

Downing, John, ed. Film & Politics in the Third World. New York: Autonomedia, 1986. Luis Francia, “Philippine Cinema: The Struggle against Repression.”

Enriquez, Elizabeth L., ed. Media, Gender and Sexuality. Special issue of Review of Women’s Studies, vol. 20, nos. 1-2. Quezon City: Center for Women’s Studies [of the] University of the Philippines.

Francisco, Butch. Eat Bulaga: Ang Unang Tatlong Dekada [Lunchtime Surprise: The First Three Decades]. Pasig City: TAPE. On the still-running daily noontime TV program that first aired in 1979.

Guardiola, Juan, ed. Cinema Filipinas: Historia, teoría y crítica fílmica (1999-2009) [Philippine Cinema: History, Theory, and Film Criticism (1999-2009)]. [Andalucía]: Juna de Andalucía, Consejería de Cultura Fundación El Legado Andalusí. Retrospective volume, with English translations.

Lacaba, Jose F. Showbiz Lengua: Chika and Chismax about Chuvachuchu [Showbiz Lingo: Small Talk and Gossip about Everything]. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing. A “compilation of 68 columns that [the author] wrote for YES! Magazine from 2003 to 2009” (Jose F. Lacaba, Ka Pete blog, November 2010).

Pertierra, Raul. The Anthropology of New Media in the Philippines. IPC Culture and Development Series No. 7. Quezon City: Institute of Philippine Culture, Ateneo de Manila University.

Pichay, Nicolas B. A Guide to the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines: Understanding the Law, Empowering the Artist. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing.

Portus, Lourdes M., ed. Communication and Media Studies in Asia. Special issue of Plaridel: A Philippine Journal of Communication, Media, and Society, vol. 7, no. 2. Quezon City: College of Mass Communication [of the] University of the Philippines. Taeyun Yu, “Eastern Gunslingers: Andrew Cunanan and Seung-Hui Cho in Western Media Imaginary.”

Protacio, Romeo M. Romualdo. Balik Tanaw [Recollection]: The Filipino Movie Stars of Yesteryears. [San Diego]: Asian Journal San Diego. “Volume I” and “By Dr. Romy Protacio” appear on front cover.

Reyes, Edgardo M. Mga Uod at Rosas [Caterpillars and Roses]. Quezon City: C & E Publishing. Novelization of Mga Uod at Rosas, dir. Romy V. Suzara (Ian Film Productions, 1982).

Tiongson, Nicanor G., ed. The Urian Anthology 1990-1999. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Includes filmography of 1990-99 Philippine film releases.

Torres, Cristina Evangelista. The Americanization of Manila: 1898-1921. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Includes accounts of Dean C. Worcester’s activities.

Yapan, Alvin, and Glenda Oris, eds. Burador [Draft]. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. Classical & contemporary studies on Philippine popular culture.

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2009

Arao, Danilo, ed. Media and Communication Discourse. Special issue of Plaridel: A Philippine Journal of Communication, Media, and Society, vol. 6, no. 2. Quezon City: College of Mass Communication [of the] University of the Philippines. Jose Gutierrez III, “Images of the Mother in Lino Brocka Films: 1970-1991.”

Avellana, Daisy Hontiveros. The Drama of It: A Life on Film and Theater. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing. Stage & film performer’s memoir of her life with Lamberto V. Avellana.

Lee, Ricky. Si Tatang at mga Himala ng Ating Panahon: Koleksyon ng mga Akda [Old Man and the Miracles of Our Time: Collection of Writings]. Special edition. Quezon City: Writers Studio Foundation. Screenplay of Himala, dir. Ishmael Bernal (Experimental Cinema of the Philippines, 1982), reviews of other films, and interview articles; reprinted [as Ricardo Lee] from 1988.

Lico, Gerard. PA(ng)LABAS: Architecture + Cinema – Projection of Filipino Space in Film. Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts.

Lim, Bliss Cua. Translating Time: Cinema, the Fantastic, and Temporal Critique. Durham: Duke University Press. The book “interweaves scholarship on visuality with postcolonial historiography” (Duke University Press website) and discusses horror samples including Itim [The Rites of May], dir. Mike de Leon (Cinema Artists, 1976); Haplos [Caress], dir. Antonio Jose Perez (Mirick Films International, 1982); and Aswang [Viscera Sucker], dir. Peque Gallaga & Lore Reyes (Regal Films, 1992).

Lim, Jeanne. In My Own Little Corner: Stories and Screenplays. Tubao Book Series of the Davao Writers Guild. Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts. “No Passport Needed,” dir. Pepe Diokno (Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival, 2006); and Gulong, dir. Sockie Fernandez (Creative Programs, 2007).

———. Tradisyon: Two Screenplays. Tubao Book Series of the Davao Writers Guild. Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts. “Tradisyon follows the life of Ramon Co, a patriarch of [a] Filipino-Chinese family…. Laloma [sic] [is] set in the eponymous cemetery” (NCCA website description).

Paz, Consuelo J., ed. Ginhawa, Kapalaran, Dalamhati: Essays on Well-being, Opportunity/Destiny, and Anguish. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Patrick D. Flores, “Hanapbuhay sa mga Pelikula ni Nora Aunor [Occupation in the Films of Nora Aunor].”

Reyes, Soledad S. From Darna to ZsaZsa Zaturnnah: Desire and Fantasy (Essays on Literature and Popular Culture). Pasig City: Anvil Publishing. Includes studies on komiks-to-film crossovers including the title texts.

Sala, Letty T., and Felipe L. Reyes, eds. Glimpses: Essays, Letters, Memoirs (A Selection from the Writing Class from February to April, 2009). “Book concept” and foreword by Monina Allarey Mercado. Quezon City: Gabriel Books. A chapter by Michelle Gallaga comprises essays on her family, including her parents, producer-scriptwriter Madeleine Gallaga and director Peque Gallaga.

Sayles, John. Amigo [Friend]: Screenplay. Culver City, CA: Anarchist’s Convention Films. Screenplay of Amigo, dir. John Sayles (Anarchist’s Convention Films, 2010); paywalled access available online via John Sayles Blog.

See, Sarita Echavez. The Decolonized Eye: Filipino American Art and Performance. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. “An Open Wound” discusses Angel Velasco Shaw’s experimental documentary Nailed (Angel Velasco Shaw, 1992).

Tadiar, Neferti X.M. Things Fall Away: Philippine Historical Experience and the Makings of Globalization. Post-Contemporary Interventions series. Durham: Duke University Press. Mentions Nora Aunor and the career boost given by her performance in The Flor Contemplacion Story, dir. Joel Lamangan (Viva Films, 1995); discusses Sharon Cuneta’s stature as “arguably the most popular female movie star in the Philippines today”; and erroneously ascribes the “Second Golden Age” concept to an essay by Bienvenido Lumbera.

Tiongson, Nicanor G., ed. Media and Folklore. Special issue of Plaridel: A Philippine Journal of Communication, Media, and Society, vol. 6, no. 1. Quezon City: College of Mass Communication [of the] University of the Philippines. Patrick F. Campos, “The Fantasy-Adventure Films as Contemporary Epics, 2000-2007”; Alvin Yapan, “Nang Mauso ang Pagpapantasya: Isang Pag-aaral sa Estado ng Kababalaghan sa Telebisyon [When Fantasizing Was in Vogue: A Study on the State of Wonderment on Television].”

Velasco, Johven. Huwaran/Hulmahan Atbp. [Model/Mold Etc.]: The Film Writings of Johven Velasco. Ed. Joel David. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.

Villasanta, Boy. Seksinema. San Pedro, Laguna: World Publishing.

Young Critics Circle. Sining ng Sineng Filipino [Art of the Filipino Film]. Aklat Sanyata series. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Sentro ng Wikang Filipino.

2008

Aguila, Almond Pilar, Danilo Araña Arao, Alfonso Deza, Lourdes Portus, and Fernando Paragas, eds. Proceedings of the 8th ASEAN [Association of Southeast Asian Nations] Inter-University Conference on Social Development. CD-ROM format. Quezon City: University of the Philippines, Union Network International – Asia and Pacific, Free Trade Alliance, & National University of Singapore. Sheryl Rose M. Andes, “A Peek at the Winners of the Most Gender-Sensitive Film Awards of the Metro Manila Film Festival”; David R. Corpuz, “Subverting Zsa-Zsa Zaturnnah: A Critique of the Original Graphic Novel and Stage and Film Adaptations of Ang Kagila-gilalas na Pakikipagsapalaran ni Zsa-Zsa Zaturnnah [The Spectacular Adventures of Zsa-Zsa Zaturnnah]”; Joel David, “The Cold War and Marcos-Era Cinema in the Philippines”; Jongsuk Ham, “Online Games and Gender Issues in South Korea and the Philippines”; Roy Nicolas R. Molon Jr., “Women in a Better Light”; Danny Yu, “Gun-Toting Orientals: Global and Local Media Coverage of Andrew Cunanan and Cho Seung Hui.”

Carpio, Rustica C. Shuttling through Stage and Screen. Manila: Far Eastern University Publications. Veteran performer’s memoir.

Deocampo, Nick, ed. Sinegabay: A Film Study Guide. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing.

Enriquez, Elizabeth L. Appropriation of Colonial Broadcasting: A History of Early Radio in the Philippines, 1922-1946. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Includes a CD-ROM of available audio samples.

Fernandez, Marie P. My Life with My Brother Rudy Fernandez. [City unkn.]: Marie P. Fernandez. On the late action star, son of film director Gregorio Fernandez; book has “Daboy” (Rudy Fernandez’s nickname) on cover but not on title page.

Garcia, J. Neil C. Philippine Gay Culture: Binabae to Bakla, Silahis to MSM [Invert to Gay, Bisexual to Men Who Have Sex with Men]. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Reprint of Philippine Gay Culture, the Last Thirty Years: Binabae to Bakla, Silahis to MSM (1996). Mentions problematic depictions of queer sexualities in Philippine commercial cinema.

Holmlund, Chris, ed. American Cinema of the 1990s. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. José B. Capino, “Cinema and the Usable Past.”

Martin, Fran, Peter A. Jackson, Mark McLelland, and Audrey Yue, eds. AsiaPacifiQueer: Rethinking Genders and Sexualities. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Ronald Baytan, “Bading na Bading [Really Queer]: Evolving Identities in Philippine Cinema.”

Orteza, Bibeth. Dolphy: Hindi Ko Ito Narating Mag-isa [I Did Not Attain This by Myself]. Quezon City: Kaizz Ventures. Authorized biography of actor-producer Rodolfo Vera Quizon, a.k.a. Dolphy.

Patajo-Legasto, Priscelina, ed. Philippine Studies: Have We Gone Beyond St. Louis? Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Joel David, “Awake in the Dark: Philippine Film during the Marcos Era”; Eleanor Sarah D. Reposar, “Carlo Vergara’s ZsaZsa Zaturnnah and the Tradition of Subversion in Philippine Komiks”; Johven [as Jovenal] D. Velasco, “‘Feminized’ Heroes and ‘Masculinized’ Heroines: Changing Gender Roles in Contemporary Phiippine Cinema?”

Perdon, Renato. Footnotes to Philippine History. Manila: Manila Prints. Includes a citation of Himala [Miracle], dir. Ishmael Bernal (Experimental Cinema of the Philippines, 1982), in discussing religious belief.

Remoto, Danton. Rampa: Mga Sanaysay [Sashay: Essays]. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing. Includes discourses on Freddie Aguilar, Nora Aunor, Ishmael Bernal, Darna, Joel Lamangan, Manila by Night [dir. Ishmael Bernal (Regal Films, 1980)], and Miss Saigon.

Samson, Laura, Brenda V. Fajardo, Cecilia B. Garrucho, Lutgardo L. Labad, and Ma. Gloriosa Santos Cabangon. A Continuing Narrative on Philippine Theater: The Story of PETA (Philippine Educational Theater Association). Quezon City: Philippine Educational Theater Association. “PETA’s Foray into Broadcast Theater.”

San Juan, E. Jr. From Globalization to National Liberation: Essays of Three Decades. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. “Allegories of National Liberation” discusses Savage Acts and Fairs – possibly Savage Acts, dir. Pennee Bender, Joshua Brown, and Andrea Ades Vasquez (American Social History Productions, 1995) – as well as Lino Brocka’s opposition to Imelda Marcos’s edifice complex; similar passages appear in a number of earlier books by the author.

Sarmenta, Severino R. Jr., ed. Movies that Matter: A Festschrift in Honor of [film critic & professor] Nicasio D. Cruz, S.J. [Quezon City]: Office of Research and Publications, Loyola Schools, Ateneo de Manila University.

Tiongson, Nicanor G. The Cinema of Manuel Conde. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Publishing House. On the director, producer, and actor a.k.a. Juan Urbano, including a filmography of his productions.

Yu-Jose, Lydia N., ed. The Past, Love, Money and Much More: Philippines-Japan Relations since the End of the Second World War. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. Tito Genova Valiente, “The Japanese in the Filipino Cinematic Space.”

2007

Almario, Virgilio S., ed. 101 Filipino Icons. Quezon City: Adarna House.

Avecilla, Victor, and Josefina Santos, eds. Media and Freedom. Special issue of Plaridel: A Philippine Journal of Communication, Media, and Society, vol. 4, no. 1. Quezon City: College of Mass Communication [of the] University of the Philippines. Armida Vallejo Santiago, “The Liberative Role of Discourse in Articulating Women’s Issues and Concerns in Filipino Melodramatic Films from 1990 to 2000”; Leticia Tojos, “Empowering Marginalized Filipinos Through Participatory Video Production.”

Baumgärtel, Tilman, ed. Kino-Sine: Philippine-German Cinema Relations. Makati City: Goethe-Institut Manila.

Deocampo, Nick. Cine: Spanish Influences on Early Cinema in the Philippines. Vol. 1 (out of 5) of Reflections on One Hundred Years of Cinema in the Philippines series. Manila: Cinema Values Reorientation Program, National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Succeeded by Film (2011).

Fabros, David. Piolo, Believing: A Pictorial Biography of Piolo Pascual. Quezon City: Vibal Foundation. On the contemporary producer & actor.

Film Development Council of the Philippines. Philippine Film Catalogue. Pasig City: Film Development Council of the Philippines.

Fujiwara, Chris, ed. The Little Black Book [of] Movies: Over a Century of the Greatest Films, Stars, Scenes, Speeches and Events that Rocked the Movie World. London: Cassell Illustrated. “Part expert selection of [1,000] seminal moments, part glorious celebration of 100 years of cinema” (product description); includes contributions by Nick Deocampo and Noel Vera.

Malone, Peter, ed. Through a Catholic Lens: Religious Perspectives of 19 Film Directors from Around the World. Communication, Culture, and Religion Series. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Nicasio Cruz, “The Legacy of Lino Brocka.”

Marchetti, Gina, and Tan See Kam, eds. Hong Kong Film, Hollywood and the New Global Cinema. London: Routledge. Bliss Cua Lim, “Generic Ghosts: Remaking the New ‘Asian Horror Film.’”

Orsal, Cesar D. Movie Queen: Pagbuo ng Mito at Kapangyarihang Kultural ng Babae sa Lipunan [Formation of the Myth and Cultural Dominance of Women in Society]. Quezon City: New Day Publishers.

Shimizu, Celine Parreñas. The Hypersexuality of Race: Performing Asian/American Women on Screen and Scene. Durham: Duke University Press. Includes discussions of the film releases Francis Ford Coppola’s Apocalypse Now (American Zoetrope, 1979) and PJ Raval’s Call Her Ganda (Unraval Pictures, Fork Films, & Naked Edge Films, 2018); the stage musical Miss Saigon (with Lea Salonga and Monique Wilson originally cast as title characters in 1989); the stag movie Philippino Couple (1970-71); and the author’s short films “Mahal Means Love and Expensive” (1993), “Her Uprooting Plants Her” (1995), “Super Flip” (1997), and “The Fact of Asian Women” (2002).

Tolentino, Rolando B. Sipat Kultura: Tungo sa Mapagpalayang Pagbabasa, Pag-aaral at Pagtuturo ng Panitikan [Culture View: Toward the Liberative Reading, Study and Teaching of Literature]. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Villasanta, Boy. Exposé: Peryodismong Pampelikula sa Pilipinas [Movie Journalism in the Philippines]. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Publishing House.

Yeatter, Bryan L. Cinema of the Philippines: A History and Filmography, 1897-2005. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.

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2006

Arriola, Joyce L. Postmodern Filming of Literature: Sources, Contexts, and Adaptations. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Publishing House.

Beller, Jonathan. Acquiring Eyes: Philippine Visuality, Nationalist Struggle, and the World-Media System. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. “Directing the Real: Orapronobis [Fight for Us, dir. Lino Brocka (Bernadette Associates International, 1989)] against Philippine Totalitarianism (2000)”; “Third Cinema in a Global Frame: Curacha[: Ang Babaeng Walang Pahinga / A Woman without Rest, dir. Chito Roño (Regal Films, 1998)], Yahoo! and Manila by Night [dir. Ishmael Bernal (Regal Films, 1980)].”

Ciecko, Anne Tereska, ed. Contemporary Asian Cinema: Popular Culture in a Global Frame. Asian Cinema series. New York: Berg. José B. Capino, “Philippines: Cinema and Its Hybridity (Or You’re Nothing but a Second-Rate, Trying Hard Copycat).”

David, Joel, ed. Proceedings of the Whither the Orient: Asians in Asian and Non-Asian Cinema Conference, Kimdaejung Convention Center, Gwangju, Korea, 28-29 October 2006. Seoul: Asia Culture Forum.

Deocampo, Nick, ed. Lost Films of Asia. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing.

Deza, Alfonso B. Mythopoeic Poe: Understanding the Masa as Audience through the Films of Fernando Poe Jr. Manila: Great Books Publications.

Dimaranan, Irma V. Naglalayag [Silent Passage]. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Screenplay of Naglalayag, dir. Maryo J. de los Reyes (Angora Films, 2004).

Encanto, Georgina, ed. Media and History. Special issue of Plaridel: A Philippine Journal of Communication, Media, and Society, vol. 3, no. 2. Quezon City: College of Mass Communication [of the] University of the Philippines. Michael Hawkins, “The Colonial Past in the Postcolonial Present: Eddie Romero’s Cavalry Command [Cirio H. Santiago Film Organization & Premiere Productions, 1958]”; Joyce Arriola, “The Impact of United States Colonization on the Rizalian Tradition in Cinema and Literature: A View of the Popular Arts as Postcolonial Historiography.”

Guardiola, Juan. El Imaginario colonial: Fotografia en Filipinas durante el periodo Español 1860-1898 [The Colonial Imaginary: Photography in the Philippines during the Spanish Period 1860-1898]. Barcelona: Casa Asia.

Halili, Servando D. Jr. Iconography of the New Empire: Race and Gender Images and the American Colonization of the Philippines. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.

Higgins, Steve. Still Moving: The Film and Media Collections of the Museum of Modern Art. New York: Museum of Modern Art. Features Bona, dir. Lino Brocka (NV Productions, 1980).

Isaac, Allan Punzalan. American Tropics: Articulating Filipino America. Critical American Studies Series. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Includes discussions of Philippines-set mid-century Hollywood productions as well as of Andrew Cunanan, subject of several films & TV specials as the spree killer whose last victim was Gianni Versace.

Kramer, Paul A. The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Includes accounts of Dean C. Worcester’s activities and banning in the Philippines of the newsreel coverage of the heavyweight championship fight between Jack Johnson and James J. Jeffries, where Johnson (a black man) defeated his white contender.

Lehman, Peter, ed. Pornography and Culture. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. José B. Capino, “Asian College Girls and Oriental Men with Bamboo Poles: Reading Asian Pornography.”

Pasadilla, Gloria O., ed. The Global Challenge in Services Trade: A Look at Philippine Competitiveness. Makati City: Philippine Institute for Development Studies and German Technical Cooperation. Gloria O. Pasadilla and Angelina M. Lantin, “Audiovisual Services Sector: Can the Philippines Follow ‘Bollywood’?”

Pilapil, Pilar V. The Woman without a Face: The Life Story of Pilar Pilapil. Pasig City: Pilar Pilapil Foundation. Autobiography of the beauty queen and actor.

Torres-Yu, Rosario, ed. Kilates: Panunuring Pampanitikan ng Pilipinas [Appraisal: Critical Literature of the Philippines]. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Isagani R. Cruz, “Si Lam-ang, si Fernando Poe Jr., at si Aquino: Ilang Kuro-Kuro tungkol sa Epikong Filipino [(Mythological figure) Lam-ang, (film auteur) Fernando Poe Jr., and (Benigno S.) Aquino (Jr.): A Few Ideas on the Philippine Epic].”

2005

Abel, Richard, ed. Encyclopedia of Early Cinema. London: Routledge. Nick Deocampo, “The Philippines.”

De Guzman, Nestor, ed. Si Nora Aunor sa mga Noranian: Mga Paggunita at Pagtatapat [Nora Aunor to the Noranians: Remembrances and Confessions]. Quezon City: Milflores Publishing.

De Jesús, Melinda L., ed. Pinay Power (Peminist Critical Theory): Theorizing the Filipina/American Experience. New York: Routledge. The phrase Peminist Critical Theory does not appear on the cover; includes Celine Parreñas Shimizu, “Theory in/of Practice: Filipina American Feminist Filmmaking.”

Deocampo, Nick. Films from a “Lost” Cinema: A Brief History of Cebuano Films. Quezon City: [Movie Workers Welfare Fund] Film Institute.

Tolentino, Rolando B., ed. Media and Popular Culture. Special issue of Plaridel: A Philippine Journal of Communication, Media, and Society, vol. 2, no. 2. Quezon City: College of Mass Communication [of the] University of the Philippines. Emil Flores, “The Concept of the Superhero in Filipino Films.”

Vera, Noel. Critic after Dark: A Review of Philippine Cinema. Singapore: BigO Books.

2004

De Guzman, Nestor, and Albert M. Sunga, eds. Nora Aunor: Through the Years…. San Juan City: Ace Entertainment. Commemorative volume for the Through the Years concert.

Garcia, Jessie B. A Movie Album Quizbook. Iloilo City: Erehwon Books & Magazines.

Presidential Decree No. 1986 Creating the Movie & Television Review and Classification Board and Implementing Rules and Regulations, 2004. [Manila]: MTRCB.

Tadiar, Neferti X.M. [as Neferti Xina M. Tadiar]. Fantasy-Production: Sexual Economies and Other Philippine Consequences for the New World Order. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. “Himala, Miracle [dir. Ishmael Bernal (Regal Films, 1980)]: The Heretical Potential of Nora Aunor’s Star Power.”

Tiongson, Nicanor G., and Violeda A. Umali, eds. Critical Voice in Media Studies. Special issue of Plaridel: A Philippine Journal of Communication, Media, and Society, vol. 1, no. 1. Quezon City: College of Mass Communication [of the] University of the Philippines. José B. Capino, “Prosthetic Hysteria: Staging the Cold War in Filipino/American Docudrama”; Johven [as Jovenal] Velasco, “Filipino Film Melodrama of the Late 1950s: Two Case Studies of Accommodation of Hollywood Genre Models”; Anne Marie G. de Guzman, “Philippine Experimental Film Practice: Influences and Directions through the Films of Roxlee.”

Tolentino, Rolando B. Si Darna, ang Mahal na Birhen ng Peñafrancia, si Pepsi Paloma [Darna, the Blessed Virgin of Peñafrancia, (and) Pepsi Paloma]. Kulturang Popular Series No. 3. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing.

———. Paghahanap ng Virtual na Identidad [The Search for Virtual Identity]. Kulturang Popular Series No. 5. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing.

2003

Guneratne, Antony R., and Wimal Dissanayake, eds. Rethinking Third Cinema. New York: Routledge. Sumita S. Chakravarty’s “The Erotics of History: Gender and Transgression in the New Asian Cinema” closes with a discussion of Ishmael Bernal’s Himala [Miracle] (Experimental Cinema of the Philippines, 1982) as an example of the “relationship between eroticism and spirituality, [exploring] its implications for Filipino constructions of history and identity.”

Gutierrez, Ben Paul B., ed. Cases on Arts and Culture Management in the Philippine Setting. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Manuel C. Dioquino Jr., “E-mail Conversations with Keith [Sicat] and Sari [Dalena]” (married film directors).

Laurel, Pedro C. Jr., Ramonfelipe A. Sarmiento, and Rody [as Rodolfo C.] Vera. Tatlong Dulang Pampelikula [Three Screenplays]. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Pedro C. Laurel Jr., “Ang Diego at Gabriela: Lagablab sa Ilocos [The (story of) Diego and Gabriela: Firestorm in Ilocos]”; Ramonfelipe A. Sarmiento, “Batingaw [Chime]”; Rody [as Rodolfo C.] Vera, “Senyor Pascual.”

Lico, Gerard. Edifice Complex: Power, Myth, and Marcos State Architecture. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. “The Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex,” with emphasis on the catastrophic construction history of the Manila Film Center.

The National Artists of the Philippines 1999-2003. Manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines & Anvil Publishing, 2003. Preceded by National Artists of the Philippines (1998). Justino Dormiendo, “Ishmael Bernal (Film, 2001): The Finest Poet of Philippine Cinema”; Lena S. Pareja, “Eddie Romero (Film, 2003): World-Class Filmmaker.”

Rivera, Frank G., and Mars Ravelo. Frank G. Rivera’s Darna, Etc.: Screenplays Based on Characters Created by Mars Ravelo. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Publishing House. Adaptations by Frank G. Rivera of Mars Ravelo stories, including two produced films: Darna, dir. Joel Lamangan (Viva Films, 1991); and Dyesebel, dir. Emmanuel H. Borlaza (Viva Films, 1995; co-written with Borlaza).

Shohat, Ella, and Robert Stam, eds. Multiculturalism, Postcoloniality, and Transnational Media. Rutgers Depth of Field Series. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. Talitha Espiritu, “Multiculturalism, Dictatorship, and Cinema Vanguards: Philippine and Brazilian Analogies.”

Tobias, Mel. Life Letters: Stories of a Wanderer. Vancouver: New Hogarath Press.

Zafra, Jessica. Twisted Flicks. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing.

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2002

De la Torre, Visitacion “Chit” R. Cultural Icons of the Philippines. Makati City: Tower Book House.

Feng, Peter X. Identities in Motion: Asian American Film and Video. Durham: Duke University Press. “The Camera as Microscope: Cinema and Ethnographic Discourse” discusses Bontoc Eulogy, dir. Marlon Fuentes & Bridget Yearian (Corporation for Public Broadcasting & National Asian American Telecommunications Association, 2008).

———, ed. Screening Asian Americans. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. Rolando B. Tolentino, “Identity and Difference in ‘Filipino/a American’ Media Arts.”

Holt, Elizabeth Mary. Colonizing Filipinas: Nineteenth-Century Representations of the Philippines in Western Historiography. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. “History as Visual Spectacle”; “Filipinas and Photography.”

King, Jenny. Great & Famous Filipinos. [Cainta, Rizal]: Worldlink Marketing Corp. Includes a number of pop-culture figures.

Parks, Lisa, and Shanti Kumar, eds. Planet TV: A Global Television Studies Reader. New York: New York University Press. José B. Capino, “Soothsayers, Politicians, Lesbian Scribes: The Philippine Movie Talk Show.”

Pulido, Rod. The Flip Side: A Filipino American Comedy. Chicago: Tulitos. Screenplay of The Flip Side, dir. Rod Pulido (Pure Pinoy, 2001).

Rodell, Paul A. Culture and Customs of the Philippines. Culture and Customs of Asia series. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. “Festivals, Theater, Film, Media, and Other Entertainment.”

Shaw, Angel Velasco, and Luis H. Francia, eds. Vestiges of War: The Philippine-American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream, 1899-1999. New York: New York University Press. In conjunction with an exhibit titled Vestiges of War, “a project of Asian/Pacific/American Studies Program and Institute, New York University”; includes Nick Deocampo, “Imperialist Fictions: The Filipino in the Imperialist Imaginary.”

Tam Kwok-kan, Wimal Dissanayake, and Terry Siu-han Yip, eds. Sights of Contestation: Localism, Globalism and Cultural Production in Asia and the Pacific. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. Rolando B. Tolentino, “Subcontracting Imagination and Imageries of Bodies and Nations: The Philippines in Contemporary Transnational Asia Pacific Cinemas.”

Vasudev, Aruna, Latika Padgaonkar, and Rashmi Doraiswamy, eds. Being & Becoming: The Cinemas of Asia. New Delhi: MacMillan. Clodualdo del Mundo Jr., “Philippines: Liver & Alive (1990s-2001)”; Luis H. Francia, “Side-stepping History: Beginnings to 1980s.”

Villasanta, Boy [as Julianito “Boy” Villasanta]. Tio Ticong: Pelikula at Pulitika (Vicente Salumbides) [Uncle Ticong: Film and Politics (of) Vicente Salumbides]. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Publishing House.

Young Critics Circle[’s Film Desk]. Sampúng Taóng Sine [Ten Film Years]: Philippine Cinema 1990-1999. Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts.

2001

Cajayon, Gene, John Manal Castro, and Dawn Bohulano Mabalon. The Debut: The Making of a Filipino American Film. Chicago: Tulitos. Regarding The Debut, dir. Gene Cajayon (5 Card Productions, Celestial Pictures, Center for Asian American Media, National Asian American Telecommunications Association, Visual Communication, 2000).

Cordero-Fernando, Gilda, and M.G. Chaves. Pinoy Pop Culture. [Manila]: Bench/Suyen Corp., G.C. Fernando, and M.G. Chaves.

Cowie, Peter. The Apocalypse Now Book. 2000 (1st edition). Boston, Mass.: Da Capo Press. “The making of Francis Ford Coppola’s epic [American Zoetrope, 1979], based on unprecedented access to his private archives,… with 80 photographs, and exclusive detailed descriptions of material restored by Coppola for Apocalypse Now Redux (2001)” (cover description).

Garcellano, Edel E. Knife’s Edge: Selected Essays. Ed. Caroline S. Hau. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.

Goquingco, Leonor Orosa. Curtain Call: Selected Reviews, 1957-2000. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Includes reviews of performances of film actor Nora Aunor at the Philippine Educational Theater Association.

Hanan, David, ed. Film in South East Asia: Views from the Region (Essays on Film in 10 South East Asia – Pacific Countries). Hanoi: Southeast Asia-Pacific Audio Visual Archive Association. Agustin Sotto, “Philippines: A Brief History of Philippine Cinema.”

Lo, Ricardo F. Conversations with Ricky Lo. Mandaluyong City: Anvil Publishing. Followed by Conversations Pa More (2016).

Mella-Salvador, Shaira, Raymond Lee, and Laurice Guillen. Tanging Yaman [A Change of Heart], the Film Book: Screenplay. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, ABS-CBN Consumer Products & Star Cinema. Screenplay of Tanging Yaman, dir. Laurice Guillen (Star Cinema, 2001).

Orellana, Ricky. Mowelfund Film Institute Catalog. Quezon City: [Movie Workers Welfare Fund] Film Institute.

Shiel, Mark, and Tony Fitzmaurice, eds. Cinema and the City: Film and Urban Societies in a Global Context. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Rolando B. Tolentino, “Cityscape: The Capital Infrastructuring and Technologization of Manila.”

Tiongson, Nicanor G., ed. The Urian Anthology 1980-1989. Manila: Antonio P. Tuviera. Includes filmography of 1980-89 Philippine film releases.

Tolentino, Rolando B. National/Transnational: Subject Formation and Media in and on the Philippines. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. “‘Inangbayan’ (Mother-Nation) in Lino Brocka’s Bayan Ko: Kapit sa Patalim (My Country: Clutching a Knife [Malaya Films & Stephan Films], 1985) and Orapronobis (Fight for Us [Bernadette Associates International], 1989)”; “Issues of the ‘Filipino/a’ in Asia-Pacific American Media Arts”; “Kidlat Tahimik in the Rhetoric of First World Theory”; “Subcontracting Imagination and Imageries of Bodies and Nations.”

2000

Del Mundo, Clodualdo Jr., and Mike de Leon. Rizal [and] Bayaning 3rd World [3rd World Hero]: Dalawang Dulang Pampelikula [Two Screenplays]. Manila: De La Salle University Press. Screenplays of Rizal, dir. Mike de Leon (unfinished); and Bayaning 3rd World, dir. Mike de Leon (Cinema Artists, 2000).

Grossman, Andrew, ed. Queer Asian Cinema: Shadows in the Shade. New York: Harrington Park Press. Co-published simultaneously as Journal of Homosexuality’s vol. 39, nos. 3-4 issues; Rolando B. Tolentino, “Transvestites and Transgressions: Panggagaya [Mimicry] in Philippine Gay Cinema.”

Hau, Caroline S. Necessary Fictions: Philippine Literature and the Nation, 1946-1980. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. “Alien Nation” discusses the characters of Quiroga in José Rizal’s Noli Me Tángere [Touch Me Not] (1887), Ah Tek in Edgardo M. Reyes’s Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag [In the Claws of Neon] (1967), and Wei-fung in Ricardo Lee’s short story “Huwag, Huwag Mong Kukuwentuhan ang Batang si Wei Fung [Don’t, Don’t Tell Stories to Young Wei Fung]” (1969) – works and/or authors associated with films; Necessary Fictions is complemented by another text by the same author, titled On the Subject of the Nation: Filipino Writings from the Margins, 1981-2004 (2004).

Hedman, Eva-Lotta E., and John T. Sidel. Philippine Politics and Society in the Twentieth Century: Colonial Legacies, Postcolonial Trajectories. Politics in Asia series. London: Routledge. Discusses the “mockery of mimicry” in the films of Joey de Leon and Rene Requiestas.

Kalaw-Tirol, Lorna. Above the Crowd. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing. More showbiz-focused than Public Faces, Private Lives.

———. Public Faces, Private Lives. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing. Emphasizes less prominent celebrities than Above the Crowd.

Lacaba, Jose F., ed. The Films of ASEAN. Quezon City: Association of Southeast Asian Nations Committee on Culture and Information. Clodualdo del Mundo Jr., “Philippines.”

Lumbera, Bienvenido. Writing the Nation / Pag-akda ng Bansa. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Revision of several previously anthologized film articles.

Rafael, Vicente L. White Love and Other Events in Filipino History. American Encounters/Global Interactions series. Durham: Duke University Press. “Patronage, Pornography, and Youth: Ideology and Spectatorship during the Early Marcos Years.”

Tolentino, Rolando B., ed. Geopolitics of the Visible: Essays on Philippine Film Cultures. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.

———. Richard Gomez at ang Mito ng Pagkalalake, Sharon Cuneta at ang Perpetwal na Birhen at Iba Pang Sanaysay ukol sa Bida sa Pelikula Bilang Kultural na Texto [Richard Gomez and the Myth of Masculinity, Sharon Cuneta and the Perpetual Virgin and Other Essays about Movie Stars as Cultural Texts]. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing.

Varnedoe, Kirk, Paola Antonelli, and Joshua Siege, eds. Modern Contemporary: Art Since 1980 at MOMA. New York: Museum of Modern Art. Features Bona, dir. Lino Brocka (NV Productions, 1980).

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1999

Buensalido, Joy, and Abe Florendo. 100 Women of the Philippines: Celebrating Filipino Womanhood in the New Millennium. Makati City: Buensalido & Associates. Including Ophelia Alcantara-Dimalanta, Zeneida Amador, Nora Aunor, Marilou Diaz-Abaya, Laurice Guillen, Lea Salonga, Vilma Santos, Sharon Cuneta, Regine Velasquez, Monique Wilson, et al.

Coronel, Sheila S., ed. From Loren to Marimar: The Philippine Media in the 1990s. Quezon City: Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism.

Cultural Center of the Philippines in Cooperation with the Centennial Commission. The CCP Centennial Honors for the Arts. Manila: CCP. Includes entries for Nora Aunor, Daisy H. Avellana, Ishmael Bernal, Salvador F. Bernal, Amelia L. Bonifacio, Ryan Cayabyab, Benjamin H. Cervantes, Manuel Conde, Ernani J. Cuenco, Mike de Leon, Narcisa B. de Leon, et al.

Diaz-Abaya, Marilou. José Rizal. Quezon City: University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication. Commemorative volume for José Rizal, dir. Marilou Diaz-Abaya (GMA Films, 1998).

Lanot, Marra PL. Deja Vu & Other Essays. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.

———. The Trouble with Nick [Joaquin] & Other Profiles. Philippine Writers series. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Includes “That Gal Named Guy” (nickname of film actor Nora Aunor).

Lee, Ricky [as Ricardo Lee], Jun Lana, and Peter Ong. Ang Screenplay ng José Rizal [The Screenplay of José Rizal]. Makati City: Butz Jimenez and Jimmy Duavit for GMA Network. Screenplay of José Rizal, dir. Marilou Diaz-Abaya (GMA Films, 1998).

Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. Empire and Memory: Repercussions and Evocations of the 1899 Philippine-American War. [New York: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.]

Sulong Pilipina! Sulong Pilipinas! [Forward Filipina! Forward Philippines!] A Compilation of Filipino Women Centennial Awardees. Manila: Women Sector [of the] National Centennial Commission. Includes Liwayway A. Arceo, Fides S. Asensio, Nora Aunor, Daisy H. Avellana, Susana C. de Guzman, Narcisa B. de Leon, et al.

1998

David, Joel. Wages of Cinema: Film in Philippine Perspective. Book edition. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Revised & updated for a digital edition in 2014.

De la Cruz, Enrique B., and Pearlie Rose S. Baluyut, eds. Confrontations, Crossings, and Convergence: Photographs of the Philippines and the United States, 1898-1998. Los Angeles: Asian American Studies Center Press. A “companion to the photographic display [titled] Confrontations, Crossings and Convergence, on exhibit at UCLA’s Fowler Museum from August 19, 1998 to January 3, 1999[, as] curated by Enrique B. de la Cruz and Pearlie Rose Baluyut of UCLA’s Asian American Studies Center and art history department respectively, and Rico Reyes, an innovative, San Francisco-based artist” (from Augusto Fauni Espiritu’s review in the Journal of Asian American Studies).

Del Mundo, Clodualdo Jr. Native Resistance: Philippine Cinema and Colonialism, 1898-1941. Manila: De La Salle University Press.

Garcellano, Edel E. Interventions. Manila: Polytechnic University of the Philippines Press.

Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines and Related Laws: With Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (PD 1986), Videogram Regulatory Board (PD 1987), Children’s Television Act of 1997 and Others. Manila: Central Book Supply.

Kasaysayan at Pelikula [History and Film]: 100 Years of Cinema in the Philippines. Manila: National Centennial Commission, Presidential Management Staff, and Movie and Television Review and Classification Board.

Lee, Ricky. Trip to Quiapo: Scriptwriting Manual. Quezon City: Bagong Likha Publishing.

Lim, Jonah Añonuevo. Creative Imaging: An Introduction to Film. [Dumaguete City]: Jonah Lim.

Murray, Raymond. Images in the Dark: An Encyclopedia of Gay and Lesbian Film and Video (Revised and Updated). London: Titan Books. Originally published 1994; includes an entry on Macho Dancer, dir. Lino Brocka (Award Films, Special People Productions, & Viva Films, 1988).

The National Artists of the Philippines. Manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines & Anvil Publishing, 1998. Followed by The National Artists of the Philippines 1999-2003 (2003). Lena S. Pareja, “Lamberto V. Avellana (Theater/Film, 1976): An Innate Love for Truth and Beauty”; Amadis Ma. Guerrero, “Gerardo de Leon (Film, 1982): Views from the Master Filmmaker”; Ramil Digal Gulle, “Rolando S. Tinio (Theater/Literature, 1997): The Song of Rolando: Creative Genius.” The entry “Lino Brocka (Film/Broadcast Arts, 1997): Human Being, Artist, Filipino” contains the following tagline credits: the Ramon Magsaysay Awards Foundation program brochure (September 1985), Mario A. Hernando, and Marilou Diaz-Abaya.

Patajo-Legasto, Priscelina, ed. Filipiniana Reader: A Companion Anthology of Filipiniana Online. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Open University. Clodualdo del Mundo Jr., “Komiks: An Industry, a Potent Medium, Our National ‘Book,’ and Pablum of Art Appreciation” & “Philippine Television: A History of Politics and Commerce”; Patrick D. Flores, “Philippine Cinema and Society”; Bienvenido Lumbera, “Brocka, Bernal & Co.: The Arrival of New Filipino Cinema” & “Problems in Philippine Film History”; Soledad S. Reyes, “The Philippine Komiks”; Nicanor G. Tiongson, “Becoming Filipino: 1565-1898”; Rolando B. Tolentino, “‘Inangbayan’ (Mother-Nation) in Lino Brocka’s Bayan Ko: Kapit sa Patalim (My Country: Clutching a Knife [Malaya Films & Stephan Films], 1985) and Orapronobis (Fight for Us [Bernadette Associates International], 1989).”

Tobias, Mel. One Hundred Acclaimed Tagalog Movies: Sineng Mundo [Film World], Best of Philippine Cinema. Vancouver: Peanut Butter Publishing.

1997

Deocampo, Nick. Beyond the Mainstream: The Films of Nick Deocampo. Ed. Lolita R. Lacuesta. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing. Production notes and essays on short filmmaking, plus the screenplays of the following short films by the author: “Oliver” (Deocampo, 1983); “Children of the Regime” (Deocampo, 1985); “Revolutions Happen Like Refrains in a Song” (Deocampo, 1987); “Ynang-Bayan [Mother-Country]: To Be a Woman Is to Live in a Time of War” (Deocampo, 1991); “Memories of Old Manila” ([Movie Workers Welfare Fund] Film Institute, 1993); “Isaak” (Metro Manila Film Festival Executive Committee, 1994); and “Sex Warriors and the Samurai” (Deocampo, 1995).

Flores, Patrick D., and Cecilia Sta. Maria de la Paz. Sining at Lipunan [Art and Society]. Aklat Sanyata series. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Sentro ng Wikang Filipino. 2nd edition (2014) is listed as de la Paz & Flores.

Lumbera, Bienvenido. Revaluation 1997: Essays on Philippine Literature, Cinema and Popular Culture. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Publishing House. Reprint of 1984 edition with additional 22 articles and interview.

Movie and Television Review and Classification Board. Implementing Rules and Regulations Pursuant to Section 3(a) of Presidential Decree No. 1986: The Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB). Quezon City: Office of the President, Republic of the Philippines.

1996

Flores, Patrick D. Sites of Review: Critical Practice in Media. San Pablo City: Oraciones.

Kenny, James, and Isabel Enriquez Kenny, eds. Making Documentaries & News Features in the Philippines. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing.

Kintanar, Thelma B., “and Associates.” The University of the Philippines Cultural Dictionary for Filipinos. Quezon City & Pasig City: University of the Philippines Press & Anvil Publishing, 1996. “Communication and Mass Media.”

Reyes, Emmanuel A. Malikhaing Pelikula: Mga Sanaysay Tungkol sa Pelikulang Pilipino [Creative Film: Essays on Philippine Cinema]. Makati: Media Plus. Includes the screenplays of Dreaming Filipinos (Manny Reyes Productions, 1991) and Suwapings [The Laughing Barrio] (Safari Films, 1994), both directed by the author [as Manny Reyes].

Trzcinski, Kevin, and Owen Hughes. Philippines Media Yearbook. Hong Kong: Cornerstone Associates Ltd.

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1995

Coppola, Eleanor. Notes: On the Making of Apocalypse Now. 1979 (1st printing). London: Faber and Faber. Regarding Apocalypse Now, dir. Francis Ford Coppola (American Zoetrope, 1979).

David, Joel. Fields of Vision: Critical Applications in Recent Philippine Cinema. Book edition. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. Revised & updated for a digital edition in 2014.

Garcia, Fanny A., and Armando Lao, eds. Pitong Teleplay [Seven Teleplays]. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing. TV scripts by Ricky Lee, Armando Lao, Lualhati Bautista, Jose F. Bartolome, Rosalie Matilac, Dado C. Lumibao, and Fanny A. Garcia.

Garcia, Jessie B. Showbiz Uncensored. [Iloilo City]: Moviola Publishing House.

Ishizaka Kenji, ed. Symposium on Gerardo de Leon. Tokyo: Japan Foundation & [Association of Southeast Asian Nations] Culture Center.

Lo, Ricardo F. Star Studded. Makati City: Virtusio Books.

Ocampo, Ambeth. Bonifacio’s Bolo. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing. Includes “The Nora Aunor Mystique.”

Reyes, Soledad S. Pagbasa ng Panitikan at Kulturang Popular: Piling Sanaysay, 1976-1996 [Reading Literature and Popular Culture: Selected Essays, 1976-1996]. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Sotto, Agustin, and Marilou Diaz-Abaya. Political and Social Issues in Philippine Film: Two Perspectives. Political and Social Change Working Paper Series, No. 12. Canberra: Department of Political and Social Change, Division of Politics and International Relations, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.

Vergara, Benito M. Displaying Filipinos: Photography and Colonialism in Early 20th Century Philippines. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.

1994

Aitken, Stuart C., and Leo E. Zonn, eds. Place, Power, Situation and Spectacle: A Geography of Film. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. Gerald M. Macdonald’s “A Mapping of Cinematic Places: Icons, Ideology, and the Power of (Mis)Representation” provides an assessment of Kidlat Tahimik’s Mababangong Bangungot [Perfumed Nightmare] (Zoetrope Studios, 1977).

Constantino, Ronald K., and Ricardo F. Lo, eds. The Golden Years: Memorable Tagalog Movie Ads 1946-1956 (From the Collection of Danny Dolor). Manila: Danny Dolor.

Diamond Anniversary of Philippine Cinema. Brochure for the 43rd awards ceremony of the Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences. Manila: [Movie Workers Welfare Fund]. Includes a filmography of Philippine productions from the beginning to 1993 prepared by Lynn Pareja; significant for being the first published listing of Filipino movies made during the 1960s.

Hamamoto, Darrell Y. Monitored Peril: Asian Americans and the Politics of TV Representation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Includes discussions of Francis Ford Coppola’s Apocalypse Now (American Zoetrope, 1979), the work of Lino Brocka, and the impact of the Marcos regime.

Pelikula at Lipunan [Film and Society]: Festival of Filipino Film Classics and Short Films. [Quezon City]: National Commission for Culture and the Arts Cinema Committee, Film Academy of the Philippines, and Movie Workers Welfare Fund.

Pertierra, Raul, and Eduardo F. Ugarte, eds. Cultures and Texts: Representations of Philippine Society. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.

Sklar, Robert. Movie-Made America: A Cultural History of American Movies. Revised and updated. New York: Vintage Books. First published as Movie-Made America: A Social History of the American Movie (New York: Random House, 1975); Sklar observed that “because whenever wars were in progress the US government would pressure Hollywood to assist in the war effort, ‘echoes and shadows’ of the Viet Nam conflict could only be provided” via the Blood-Island film cycle initiated by Gerardo de Leon’s Terror Is a Man, a.k.a. Creature from Blood Island (Lynn-Romero Productions & Premiere Productions, 1959), a takeoff from H.G. Wells’s The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896) (from Joel David, “Phantom Limbs in the Body Politic,” Plaridel, vol. 11, no. 1, February 2014).

Tiongson, Nicanor G., ed. Philippine Film. Vol. 8 (of 10 vols.) of CCP [Cultural Center of the Philippines] Encyclopedia of Philippine Art. 1st edition. Manila: Sentrong Pangkultura ng Pilipinas. 2nd edition’s equivalent volume is titled Film.

Torre, Nestor U. Pelikula: An Essay on Philippine Film, Touchstones of Excellence. Tuklas Sining series. [Manila]: Sentrong Pangkultura ng Pilipinas. Supplementary to Agustin Sotto’s and Bienvenido Lumbera’s 1992 Pelikula accounts.

1993

Barnouw, Erik. Documentary: A History of the Non-Fiction Film. 1974. 2nd. rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mentions Thomas Alva Edison’s fake documentaries produced to propagandize the US’s bid to expand its overseas territories, including the colonization of the Philippines.

Dissanayake, Wimal, ed. Melodrama and Asian Cinema. Cambridge Studies in Film. Cambridge University Press. Teresita A. Herrera and Wimal Dissanayake, “Power, Pleasure, and Desire: The Female Body in Filipino Melodrama.”

Fajardo, Deo J. Robin Padilla: Bad Boy ng Showbiz [Bad Boy of Showbiz]. [Manila]: Concept Society. On the controversial lifestyle of a member of the respected Padilla clan.

Gever, Martha, John Greyson, and Pratibha Parmar, eds. Queer Looks: Perspectives on Lesbian and Gay Film and Video. New York: Routledge. Nick Deocampo, “Homosexuality as Dissent / Cinema as Subversion: Articulating Gay Consciousness in the Philippines.”

Hernando, Mario A., ed. Lino Brocka: The Artist and His Times. Manila: Sentrong Pangkultura ng Pilipinas.

Lee, Ricky [as Ricardo Lee]. Salome: A Filipino Filmscript by Ricardo Lee. Trans. Rofel G. Brion. Madison: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Screenplay of Salome, dir. Laurice Guillen (Bancom Audiovision, 1981). Originally published untranslated in 1981.

Maglipon, Jo-Ann Q. Primed: Selected Stories 1972-1992. Reportage on an Archipelago series. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing. “MIFFed [Manila International Film Festival]”; “Free the Artist!”; “The Republic of the Philippines vs. Lino Brocka, et al.”; “Canuplin: The Little Tramp Time Left Behind”; “Erap [Joseph Estrada]”; “Phantoms of the Cinema”; “Starlight, Starbright”; “Mega Mother Lily [Monteverde]: Superstar for All Seasons.”

1992

Barte, Gina V., ed. Panahon ng Hapon: Sining sa Digmaan, Digmaan sa Sining [The Japanese Period: Art in War, War in Art]. Studies on Philippine Art and Society, 1942-1945 series. Manila: Sentrong Pangkultura ng Pilipinas. Exhibition & conference publication, including Agustin Sotto, “War and the Aftermath in Philipine Cinema”; and Motoe Terami-Wada, “Strategy in Culture: Cultural Policy and Propaganda in the Philippines, 1942-1945.”

Del Mundo, Clodualdo Jr. Maynila: Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag [Manila: In the Claws of Neon], ’Merika [with Gil Jose Quito], at Alyas Raha Matanda [with Herky del Mundo]: Tatlong Dulang Pampelikula [Three Screenplays]. Manila: De La Salle University Press. Screenplays of Maynila: Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag, dir. Lino Brocka (Cinema Artists, 1975); and ’Merika, dir. Gil Portes (Adrian Films, 1984).

Directory of Filipino Women in Radio, TV & Film Media. [Manila]: National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women, National Printing Office, and Philippine Information Agency.

Jameson, Fredric. The Geopolitical Aesthetic: Cinema and Space in the World System. Perspectives series. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. “Art Naïf and the Admixture of Worlds” is an appreciation of Kidlat Tahimik’s Mababangong Bangungot [Perfumed Nightmare] (Zoetrope Studios, 1977).

Lumbera, Bienvenido. Pelikula: An Essay on the Philippine Film, 1961-1992. Tuklas Sining series. [Manila]: Sentrong Pangkultura ng Pilipinas. Continuation of Agustin Sotto’s Pelikula: An Essay on the Philippine Film, 1897-1960 and supplemented by Nestor U. Torre’s Pelikula: An Essay on Philippine Film, Touchstones of Excellence.

Reyes, Soledad S., ed. Kritisismo: Mga Teorya at Antolohiya para sa Epektibong Pagtuturo ng Panitikan [Criticism: Theories and an Anthology for the Effective Teaching of Literature]. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing. Isagani R. Cruz, “Si Lam-ang, si Fernando Poe Jr., at si Aquino: Ilang Kuro-Kuro tungkol sa Epikong Filipino [(Mythological figure) Lam-ang, (film auteur) Fernando Poe Jr., and (Benigno S.) Aquino (Jr.): A Few Ideas on the Philippine Epic].”

Sotto, Agustin. Pelikula: An Essay on the Philippine Film, 1897-1960. Tuklas Sining series. [Manila]: Sentrong Pangkultura ng Pilipinas. Continued in Bienvenido Lumbera’s Pelikula: An Essay on the Philippine Film, 1961-1992 and supplemented by Nestor U. Torre’s Pelikula: An Essay on Philippine Film, Touchstones of Excellence.

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1991

Goodman, Grant K., ed. Japanese Cultural Policies in Southeast Asia During World War II. New York: MacMillan. Motoe Terami-Wada, “The Japanese Propaganda Corps in the Philippines: Laying the Foundation.”

Infante, J. Eddie. Inside Philippine Movies, 1970-1990: Essays for Students of Philippine Cinema. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Ishizaka Kenji, ed. Philippine Film Festival: Fiesta of the Filmmakers. Introducing Southeast Asian Cinema series no. 3. Tokyo: Masaru Inoue.

Reyes, Soledad S., ed. Reading Popular Culture. Quezon City: Office of Research and Publications [of the] Ateneo de Manila University. Papers presented at the First National Conference on Popular Culture at the Ateneo de Manila University on November 17-19, 1988; includes Ruth Elynia Mabanglo, “Mula sa Altar nina Huli at Maria Clara: Imahen ng Babae sa Ilang Dramang Pilipino [From the Altar of (José Rizal characters) Huli and Maria Clara: Images of Women in Selected Philippine Dramas]”; and Soledad S. Reyes, “Women on Television.”

Tiongson, Nicanor G., ed. Tuklas Sining [Art Discovery]: Essays on the Philippine Arts. Manila: Sentrong Pangkultura ng Pilipinas.

1990

AMAUAN Filipino American Multi-Arts Center and Anthology Film Archives. Films by Lino Brocka: A Retrospective, November 14 [to] December 2, 1990, American Film Archives. AMAUAN Notebook series 7.1. New York: AMAUAN Filipino American Multi-Arts Center.

Cultural Center of the Philippines Library. Union Catalog on Philippine Culture: Film. CCP Library Research Guide Series no. 4. Manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines Library.

David, Joel. The National Pastime: Contemporary Philippine Cinema. Book edition. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing. Revised & updated for a digital edition in 2014.

Lent, John A. The Asian Film Industry. Texas Film Studies Series. Austin: University of Texas Press. “Philippines” (case study).

1989

Export Trade Promotion, Philippines Bureau of. A Profile on Motion Pictures. Product Profile series. [Manila]: Product Research and Strategy Group, Bureau of Export Trade Promotion, Department of Trade & Industry.

Lumbera, Bienvenido. Pelikula: An Essay on the Philippine Film. [Manila]: Sentrong Pangkultura ng Pilipinas. Later expanded in the Tuklas Sining series by Lumbera, Agustin Sotto, and Nestor U. Torre.

Reyes, Emmanuel A. Notes on Philippine Cinema. Manila: De La Salle University Press. Includes an interview conducted for the documentary Vic Silayan: An Actor Remembers, dir. Manny Reyes (Manny Reyes, 1984).

Salazar, Zeus A., Agustin Sotto, and Prospero Reyes Covar. Unang Pagtingin sa Pelikulang Bakbakan: Tatlong Sanaysay [A First Glance at the Action Film: Three Essays]. Manila: Sentrong Pangkultura ng Pilipinas.

1988

Guillermo, Alice. Images of Change: Essays and Reviews. Quezon City: Kalikasan Press.

Lee, Ricky [as Ricardo Lee]. Si Tatang at mga Himala ng Ating Panahon: Koleksyon ng mga Akda [Old Man and the Miracles of Our Time: Collection of Writings]. Quezon City: Bagong Likha Publications. Screenplay of Himala, dir. Ishmael Bernal (Experimental Cinema of the Philippines, 1982), reviews of other films, and interview articles; reprinted in 2009.

Itiel, Joseph. Philippine Diary: A Gay Guide to the Philippines. San Francisco: International Wavelength. Lists film theaters in major cities where gay cruising occurred circa the late 1980s.

1987

Andres, Tomas D. How to Enjoy a Film Intelligently for Value Education. [Manila]: Our Lady of Manaoag Publishers.

Armes, Roy. Third World Film Making and the West. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Garcellano, Edel E. First Person, Plural: Essays. Quezon City: Edel E. Garcellano.

Lumbera, Bienvenido. Abot-Tanaw: Sulyap at Suri sa Nagbabagong Kultura at Lipunan [Purview: Glancing and Critiquing a Changing Culture and Society]. Quezon City: Linangan ng Kamalayang Makabansa.

1986

Del Mundo, Clodualdo Jr., and Jose Mari Magpayo, eds. Philippine Mass Media: A Book of Readings. Manila: Communication Foundation for Asia. Mario A. Hernando, “Against All Odds: The Story of the Filipino Film Industry (1978-1982)”; Bienvenido Lumbera, “Problems in Philippine Film History”; Eduardo Sazon, “Film Distribution and Exhibition.”

Deocampo, Nick. El Cortometraje: Surgimiento de un nuevo cine filipino. Trans. Mark Garner & Matxalen Goiria. Bilbao: Certámen Internacional del Cine Documental y Cortometraje. Spanish translation of Short Film (1985).

Downing, John, ed. Film & Politics in the Third World. New York: Autonomedia. Luis Francia, “Philippine Cinema: The Struggle against Repression.”

Screenwriters Guild of the Philippines. Artista sa Pelikula ’85 / Actors’ Yearbook ’85. [Manila]: Fil-Asia Graphics.

1985

David, Rina, and Pennie Azarcon de la Cruz. Towards Our Own Image: An Alternative Philippine Report on Women and Media. PWRC Pamphlet Series no. 1. [Manila]: Philippine Women’s Research Collective. Continued in Wilhelmina S. Orozco’s Towards Our Own Image.

Deocampo, Nick. Short Film: Emergence of a New Philippine Cinema. Ed. Alfred A. Yuson. Manila: Communication Foundation for Asia. Translated to Spanish as El Cortometraje (1986).

Noriega, Bienvenido M. Jr. Soltero [Bachelor]. Trans. Rolando S. Tinio. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. Screenplay of Soltero, dir. Pio de Castro III (Experimental Cinema of the Philippines, 1984).

Orozco, Wilhelmina S. Towards Our Own Image: An Alternative Philippine Report on Women and Media. PWRC Pamphlet Series no. 2. [Manila]: Philippine Women’s Research Collective. Continued from Rina David and Pennie Azarcon de la Cruz’s Towards Our Own Image.

Thompson, Kristin. Exporting Entertainment: America in the World Film Market, 1907-34. London: British Film Institute Publishing. Describes how the Philippines, as the sole US colony, became the regional center for distribution of Hollywood film prints – which were flawed or easily damaged, since the Orient was regarded as a “junk” market: “90% of the prints from American exchanges were worn almost beyond being showable, with splices, torn sprockets, ends and titles missing” (per an exhibitor’s account).

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1984

Constantino, Renato. Synthetic Culture and Development. Quezon City: Foundation for Nationalist Studies. Rare direct mention of cinema in the nationalist author’s texts (from Patrick D. Flores’s findings).

Cruz, Isagani R. Movie Times. Manila: National Book Store.

Garcia, Jessie B. Claudia Zobel: An Untold Story. Iloilo City: [publisher unkn.]. On the short life of the sex-film star.

———. Queen Vi: An Intimate Biography. Bacolod City: Jessie B. Garcia. On film star Vilma Santos; allegedly unauthorized and pulled from distribution after initial sales.

Lee, Ricky [as Ricardo Lee]. Bukas … May Pangarap [Tomorrow … There’ll Be a Dream]. [Quezon City: Markenprint]. Screenplay of Bukas … May Pangarap, dir. Gil Portes (Tri Films, 1984).

Lumbera, Bienvenido. Revaluation: Essays on Philippine Literature, Cinema and Popular Culture. [Quezon City]: Index. Reprinted and expanded as Revaluation 1997.

1983

ASEAN Country Reports on Film. Manila: Office of Media Affairs [of the] National Media Production Center. “A project of the Working Group on Film of the [Association of Southeast Asian Nations] Committee on Culture and Information” (self-description); includes “The Film Industry in the Philippines.”

Experimental Cinema of the Philippines. Year One. Annual report. Metro Manila: ECP Public Relations Division.

Film Academy of the Philippines. Filmography of Filipino Films, 1982. [Manila]: Film Academy of the Philippines. Launch publication for what has been subsequently called the Luna Awards, first held in 1984.

Focus on Filipino Films: A Sampling, 1951-1982. Manila: Manila International Film Festival. Brochure for a special module selected by the Filipino Film Screening Committee and presented during the second MIFF edition, accompanied by freshly struck positive prints subtitled in English & French.

Guerrero, Rafael Ma., ed. Readings in Philippine Cinema. Manila: Experimental Cinema of the Philippines.

Guevara-Fernandez, Pacita, ed. Keeping the Flame Alive: Essays in the Humanities. Diamond Jubilee Publication. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. Behn Cervantes’s “Ganyan Lang Talaga Yan [That’s Just How It Is]” describes the Philippine situation as “a large market that can be redirected in its tastes and attitudes so that they [sic] can dictate what types of movies should be made.”

Jimenez, Baby K. Ang True Story ni Guy, Ikalawang Aklat [The True Story of Guy, Volume Two]. Quezon City: Mass Media Promotions. On film actor Nora Aunor; in 2 vols.

———. Ang True Story ni Guy, Unang Aklat [The True Story of Guy, Volume One]. Quezon City: Mass Media Promotions. On film actor Nora Aunor; in 2 vols.

Quirino, Joe. Don Jose [Nepomuceno] and the Early Philippine Cinema. History of the Philippine Cinema series no. 1. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House. First in the author’s projected 3-volume history series; no other volumes followed.

Rotea, Hermie. Marcos’ Lovey Dovie. Los Angeles: Liberty Publishing. On the affair between then-President Ferdinand E. Marcos and Dovie Beams, leading lady of Maharlika, dir. Jerry Hopper (Roadshow Films International & Solar Films, 1970); Beams sued Rotea for allegedly pilfering some of her personal items pertaining to her account of her romance with Marcos, whom she professed to still love years later.

Tiongson, Nicanor G., ed. The Urian Anthology 1970-1979. Quezon City: Manuel L. Morato. “Selected essays on tradition and innovation in the Filipino cinema of the 1970s by the Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino: with about 550 photos and illustrations and a filmography of Philippine movies, 1970-1979” (title page descriptor).

1982

The First Experimental Cinema of the Philippines Annual Short Film Festival: November 16-21, 1982, Manila Film Center, [Cultural Center of the Philippines] Complex. Manila: ECP.

Garcia, Jessie B. Stars in the Raw. Bacolod City: [publisher unkn.].

Kabristante, George Vail. Gabby [Concepcion]. Quezon City: Jingle Clan Publications. On the then-emerging teen star.

Lee, Ricky [as Ricardo Lee]. Moral. [Quezon City]: Seven-Star Productions. Screenplay of Moral, dir. Marilou Diaz-Abaya (Seven Stars Productions, 1982).

Tobias, Mel. Memoirs of an Asian Moviegoer. Hong Kong: South China Morning Post.

1981

Del Mundo, Clodualdo Jr. Writing for Film. [Manila]: Communication Foundation for Asia.

Film Blockbusters from the Philippines. [Manila]: Manila International Film Festival. “Dry run” for the regular MIFF, to be held starting the next year.

Lee, Ricky [as Ricardo Lee]. Brutal/Salome. [Quezon City]: Cine Gang. Back-to-back screenplays of Brutal, dir. Marilou Diaz-Abaya (Bancom Audiovision, 1980); and Salome, dir. Laurice Guillen (Bancom Audiovision, 1981). The script of Salome was reprinted and translated in a foreign edition in 1993.

Velarde, Emmie G. All-Star Cast. Quezon City: Cine Gang.

1979

Momblanco, Maria Carmencita A. “Philippine Motion Pictures, 1908-1958: A Checklist of the First Fifty Years.” Master’s thesis, 2 vols. University of the Philippines.

1978

Fernandez, Ricardo V., ed. Film Directory of the Philippines. [Manila: Philippine Motion Pictures Producers Association?].

Hosillos, Lucila V. Movies in a Third World Country. Third World Studies Dependency series no. 15. [Quezon City]: Third World Studies Program [of the] University of the Philippines College of Arts and Sciences.

Infante, J. Eddie. All the Stars in the Sky: An Autobiography. Manila: Front Page Newsmakers. On the actor and director Eddie Infante, whose heyday was during the First Golden Age of the 1950s.

Lent, John A, ed. Broadcasting in Asia and the Pacific: A Continental Survey of Radio and Television. International and Comparative Broadcasting series. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

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1977

Alatas, Syed Hussein. The Myth of the Lazy Native: A Study of the Image of the Malays, Filipinos and Javanese from the 16th to the 20th Century and Its Function in the Ideology of Colonial Capitalism. London: Frank Cass.

Constantino, Renato. Insight & Foresight. Quezon City: Foundation for Nationalist Studies. “Entertainment as Tranquilizer” contains a reference to the author’s Manila Chronicle article “Nora Nora” (February 27, 1971), with a footnote qualifying its criticism of Nora Aunor’s lack of “progressive content” by acknowledging her 1976 productions, Mario O’Hara’s Tatlong Taóng Walang Diyos [Three Godless Years] (NV Productions) and Lupita Aquino-Kashiwahara’s Minsa’y Isang Gamu-gamo [Once a Moth] (Premiere Productions); per Nestor de Guzman’s research.

Joaquin, Nick [as Quijano de Manila]. Amalia Fuentes and Other Etchings. [Manila]: National Book Store.

——— [as Quijano de Manila]. Gloria Diaz and Other Delineations. [Manila]: National Book Store.

——— [as Quijano de Manila]. Joseph Estrada and Other Sketches. [Manila]: National Book Store.

——— [as Quijano de Manila]. Nora Aunor and Other Profiles. [Manila]: National Book Store.

——— [as Quijano de Manila]. Ronnie Poe and Other Silhouettes. [Manila]: National Book Store. “Ronnie Poe” is the nickname of actor, director, and producer Fernando Poe Jr.

Mercado, Monina A., ed. Doña Sisang and Filipino Movies. [Quezon City]: Vera-Reyes. Articles on Narcisa Buencamino de Leon (founder of LVN Pictures), her professional principles, and the films she produced; includes a filmography of LVN productions from 1939 to 1961.

1976

Del Rosario, Simeon G. The Subversive Impact: Sakada [Plantation Laborer] of Behn Cervantes (A Critique). Quezon City: Simeon G. del Rosario. A study of Sakada, dir. Behn Cervantes (Sagisag Films, 1976).

Makabenta, Yen, ed. Book of the Philippines. Manila: Research and Analysis Center for Communications and Aardvark Associates. Includes biographies for Nora Aunor, Lamberto V. Avellana, et al.

Mijares, Primitivo. The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos. San Francisco: Union Square Publications. “The Loves of Marcos,” on Ferdinand Marcos’s predilection for movie stars, having married a beauty queen and aspiring film performer. Revised & annotated in 2017.

United States Information Agency Office of Research. Audience Reaction to IMV Films. Series E-7-76. [Washington, DC]: USIA Office of Research. Audience tests in the Philippines, Colombia, and Lebanon.

1975

De Vega, Guillermo. Film and Freedom: Movie Censorship in the Philippines. Manila: De Vega. Includes reviews of Tubog sa Ginto [Dipped in Gold], dir. Lino Brocka (Lea Productions, 1970); and Kung Bakit Dugo ang Kulay ng Gabi [Why Blood Is the Color of Night], dir. Celso Ad. Castillo (AA Productions, 1973).

McCarthy, Todd, and Charles Flynn. Kings of the B’s: Working within the Hollywood System. New York: E.P. Dutton. “Eddie Romero.”

1973

Silverio, Julio F. Sulyap sa Buhay ng mga Artistang Pilipino [Glimpse into the Life of Philippine Movie Actors]. Manila: National Book Store.

Vego, Herbert L. Getting to Know Nora. Manila: Herbert L. Vego. On film actor Nora Aunor, published “with permission from Philippines Daily Express” (cover text).

1972

Quinton, Rustum G. Ang Tunay na Kasaysayan ni Nora Aunor, Superstar [The True History of Nora Aunor, Superstar]. Manila: RMD&A Publishing.

Robledo, Aniceto. Artist Becomes Delegate of God (Artistang Naging Alagad ng Diyos): Completely Authorized and Illustrated Biography of Msgr. Aniceto Robledo. Quezon City: Fidimica Enterprises. Religious testimonial of film actor Aniceto Robledo, known for Ang Lumang Simbahan [The Old Church], dir. Jose Nepomuceno (Malayan Movies, 1928).

1971

Martinez, Jose Reyes, ed. Nora Aunor: Tagumpay sa Bawat Awit [Triumph in Every Song]. Sitsiritsit Special No. 1. Quezon City: Asia-Pacific Publications. “Book-length fully illustrated biography” featuring various topics plus “her songs, with guitar chords” (cover description).

1967

Feliciano, Gloria D., and Crispulo J. Icban Jr., eds. Philippine Mass Media in Perspective. Quezon City: Capitol. T.D. Agcaoili, “Movies.”

1958

United States Business and Defense Services Administration’s Scientific, Motion Picture, and Photographic Products Division. Motion Pictures Abroad: Philippines. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

1952

The Philippine Screen Golden Book Album ng mga Artista [Album of Actors]: Favorite Movie Stars with Autographed Fotos. [Manila: Philippine Screen Publishing.]

Salumbides, Vicente. Motion Pictures in the Philippines. Manila: V.S.

1949

Silver Book: A Movie Directory of the Philippines. [City & publisher unkn.].

1943

Yutaka Abe, and Hitō Hakengun. Dawn of Freedom: A Toho Super Production. [Manila: Eiga Haikyūsha.] Commemorative volume for Dawn of Freedom, dirs. Abe Yutaka and Gerardo de Leon (Eiga Haikyūsha & Toho, 1944).

1938

Virrey, Teodoro. Ang Pelikulang Tagalog… [The Tagalog Movie…]. Publications of the Institute of National Language, vol. 4, no. 11. Manila: Bureau of Printing.

1929

Way, Eugene Irving. Motion Pictures in Japan, Philippine Islands, Netherland East Indies, Siam, British Malaya, and French Indo-China. Trade Information Bulletin No. 634, series of the United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Washington, DC: Government Publishing Office.

1918

Internal Revenue, Philippines Bureau of. Cinematographic Film Regulations: Administrative Order No. 50. Manila: Bureau of Internal Revenue.

1912

A Campaign for Public Decency and Civic Morality. Manila: Santo Tomas.

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Corrigenda & Problematics for Manila by Night: A Queer Film Classic

The editing process for Manila by Night: A Queer Film Classic (Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press, 2017) was the most difficult and complicated I ever experienced – and these included the peer reviews I had to solicit and help finalize for the special journal issues that I edited. The text underwent one extensive revision whose directions I had not anticipated, plus at least one minor overhaul for style and tone. The final editing stage was also difficult in itself: it involved reading through the manuscript with all the changes tracked in Microsoft Word.

11011I still print out my drafts and edit the hard copy at every opportunity, so I thought this would be the digital equivalent of that practice, but gurl was I wrong. This accounts for a few oversights in the final version, while one major wrinkle involved the clarification of a picture source. Where the corrections involved the addition of words or punctuation marks, they’re indicated here by highlighted entries.(Since all my other sole-authored books were either out of print or generated from this blog, they benefited from my typically obsessive correcting and updating processes.) The groups of corrections are as follows:

Corrigenda, strictly speaking, refer to errors of the author while errata would be errors that arose during the process of production. In both instances, I prefer to use the former for its etymological association with “correction” – i.e., during an earlier analogue period, readers would correct their texts by referring to such a list as this. These affect pages 23, 38-39, 40 (fn 7), 42, 46, 56, 57 (affecting page 193), 68, 72, 82, 104, 114, 122 (with a more focused rereading of Nashville), 139-40, 142-44, 151, 184 (fn 23), and 193.

Textual Problematics (now its own page, click to open) is the term I use to refer to issues that occasionally are unresolved, or that otherwise would be too cumbersome to attend to within the physical and/or editorial limits of the publication; the list was becoming too extensive and has been spun off into its own page.

Illustrational Problematics (also a separate page, click to open) is a self-descriptive category spun off from the previous list, which also needed to be separated as its own page.

Page 23, second paragraph:

“I was working at the Experimental Cinema of the Philippines…”.

Page 38, Figure 4 caption:

“… (bottom, Sampaguita Pictures’ still of Iginuhit ng Tadhana: The Ferdinand E. Marcos Story [Conrado Conde, Jose de Villa, and Mar S. Torres, 1965]).”

Page 39, second paragraph:

Replace “policies” in “… involved the selective withdrawal of censorship prerogatives…”.

Page 40, footnote 7, third sentence:

Insert space after comma in “… agreeing to a snap presidential election, as proof…”.

Page 42, last paragraph, second sentence:

Replace “were” in “After Bernal died in 1996, the bulk of the material he had compiled … was lost in a fire….”

Page 46, fourth sentence:

Replace “It’s” and “Grey” and add to the name in “When It Is a Gray November in Your Soul Coffee Shop”; see discussion of photos on pages 45-46 in the Illustrational Problematics page.

Page 56, end of first paragraph:

Final clause in the indented quote should read as follows, with transposed period, capitalized parenthetical reference, and no close quotation mark: “Van maintained an excellent student record and has become a promising agent in reforming the kind of people who bring darkness to Manila. (Trans. by the author)”

Page 57, second paragraph, fourth sentence:

Final clause should read as follows, with unlisted citation: “[the critics group] issued a statement condemning the excessive censorship imposed on the film (Parel 16).” Cited entry on page 193 of References section should be: Parel, Tezza O. 1983. “History of the [Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino]: 1976-82.” In The Urian Anthology 1970-1979, edited by Nicanor G. Tiongson, 4-19. Manila: Manuel L. Morato.

Page 68, second paragraph, final clause of second sentence:

“…and the sidewalk gang that fatally lynches its male protagonist comprises lumpenproles.”

Page 72, end of first paragraph:

This sentence must be added: “Meanwhile, out filmmaker Jun Lana has been steadily accumulating a growing record number of Filipino queer projects, performing for the mainstream what Crisaldo Pablo used to do for independent production.

Page 82, Figure 15, last sentence:

Replace “Lee Kumchong” in “Photos: Kumchong Lee (top)…”.

Page 104, second paragraph, second sentence:

“…, in which her character was named Manay Sharon. (Duplex is considered significant among queer scholars of Philippine TV for featuring the first out gay character, performed by the late theater and film director Soxie Topacio.)

Page 114, first paragraph:

“… (… played on park speakers), provides ironic contrast…”.

Page 122, second paragraph, second sentence:

“… builds up to the final outdoor concert where everyone (save for one character who announced his departure from the city the night before) shows up.”

11011In re Nashville (1975), after Sueleen Gay (Gwen Welles) admits to Wade (Robert DoQui) that she consented to perform a striptease for the stag audience at the smoker for Hal Philip Walker, he tells her he plans to leave the next day and asks her to come along but she refuses – not her first refusal of the night, after she brushed off the drunken advances of Delbert Reese (Ned Beatty) prior to Wade’s intervention. For some reason this had the effect on my mind of erasing Wade during the next day’s concert, until I recently rewatched the film with the added intent of scanning for his presence. There he was, onstage, presumably to continue looking after Sueleen’s welfare, a singular display of devotion from the narrative’s quintessential troublemaker.

Page 139, caption for Figure 28:

Comma needed: “… Maritess (a writer married to a chauvinist husband),…”

Page 140, first paragraph, first sentence:

“… a comparison with the genuinely subversive exposés of Manila by Night, with the more recent project paling in comparison.”

Page 142, first paragraph, last sentence:

“… planned sequels to Macho Dancer (1988), titled Midnight Dancers (1994, a multicharacter narrative), Burlesk King (1999), and Twilight Dancers (2006).”

Page 144, first paragraph, third sentence:

The comma after the film title Caught in the Act has to be deleted.

Page 151, second paragraph, third sentence:

“… soft and hard-core gay movies were produced…”.

Page 184, footnote 23:

Replace “127” in “See Figure 25, p. 125.”

Page 193 (references), Pinoy Kollektor entry:

Italics needed: “48. Dawn of Freedom — Philippine World War II Japanese Propaganda Movie.”

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Á!


Transcript of a Mobile Phone Interview of Peque Gallaga by Monchito Nocon

The following material was provided by Monchito Nocon for the research I was conducting on the making of Ishmael Bernal’s Manila by Night (1980). On the occasion of Peque Gallaga’s demise on May 7, 2020, I requested Monchito’s permission to post the content on Ámauteurish! for its research value. Everything that follows is what I copied from what he provided. To further enlarge on some of Gallaga’s points, I added some excerpts from interviews he gave for the Brocka, Bernal, and the City exhibit at the De La Salle – College of Saint Benilde in 2019; these appear as endnotes.

Background: In 2012, I was connected with the Film Development Council of the Philippines (FDCP), where I was in charge of the Media Desk that, among other responsibilities, published the official newsletter, with me serving as editor-writer. Prior to this in 2009, the Philippines was presented a most generous gift by the Pusan International Film Festival: a scanned copy (2K) of Manila by Night.

11011The FDCP was thus looking at completing Manila by Night’s full restoration, leading up to a possible premier on the big screen. It was to be a potentially big event, and I was tasked with doing a cover story on the film for the newsletter. So I immediately sent an email to Peque Gallaga, Manila’s production designer, who graciously promised to write me something posthaste.

11011However, as it happened, Peque was in the midst of moving house in his native Bacolod, and, in the frenzy, couldn’t find the chance to sit down and write. He offered instead to do a long-distance phone interview, which I welcomed and arranged (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Email reply from Peque Gallaga.

11011The following is the transcript of that interview, which I did on my own volition. As there was no way for me then to record a mobile phone conversation, I had to transcribe everything in real time, by longhand! I also took the liberty of adding headings to make it more comprehensible. Alas, I failed to save the article draft, the publication of which was eventually scrapped as the restoration project never got off the ground.

Peque gives a behind-the-scenes peek into working on Manila by Night

  • [I first worked] with Bernie in Girlfriend – it was love at first sight! We got along well and I brought with me my Bacolod team.
  • It was an ambitious project!
  • [Scriptwriter] Ricky Lee – he marked the whole year [in the film] through the feasts
  • Douglas Quijano, I, and Bernie went to all the night spots – it was an eye-opener – to pick up information.
  • All scenes were shot in Manila after midnight – at 2 a.m. – with the crowd directed [to appear as if it was earlier in the evening].
  • We recreated the vibe [of Manila].
  • We went to a masahista [massage] joint.
  • Bernie did a sit-down with the masahista – did an interview – picking up on what they do. He got into the daily minutiae.
  • She [Cherie Gil] ran the whole stretch in different takes, and covered the geography.[1]
  • They really swam in Manila Bay!
  • [Quotes Bernal in relation to a scene Peque wanted to have reshot – the one with floating candles on Manila Bay. Sergio Lobo, the DOP, failed to properly get his instructions in shooting that scene, and instead of a fuzzy, surreal scene, you could actually see the candles afloat]: “A film can never be perfect. There has to have a rough edge … a mistake … a human aspect.”[2]
  • Does that scene (referring to the above) make sense to you? Concerned with reality.
  • [Along] San Pedro etc. – William [Martinez] pours water over his head – a cleansing – a religious statement.

Peque on Manila, the city

  • It’s not the Manila that it used to be – [you now have] drugs, fringe elements. It just shows that Manila hasn’t changed – the city that hasn’t worked.

Peque on Bernal’s directing style

  • [Bernal] wanted to show reality, not a polished version.
  • He was very classical – close-ups with actors – makes them more dramatic.
  • Long shots tell the story.
  • [He would] sit down with the actors to talk with them regarding the script.
  • Don’t be afraid to ask them [the actors] the most intimate questions.
  • [He created] an intimate bond with performers – not on a boss-employee level but something more personal.[3]

Notes

[1] When her character Kano starts being chased by narcotics police, she runs from Sauna Turko along Roxas Blvd. toward Rizal Park, turns right at Mabini Bridge (the side street that traverses the estero of Fort San Antonio de Abad between Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas and Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center) and around the former Harrison Plaza, until she gets cornered and caught at the intersection of Mabini and Vito Cruz (now P. Ocampo) Streets. [Thanks to Dr. Juan Martin Magsanoc for determining the formal name of the Mabini Bridge stretch.]

[2] “I talked to Sergio Lobo who was the cameraman [for Manila by Night]. I said, ‘For their LSD sequence what I want to do is to get those little cups for the candles and float them by fitting them in small Styropors. But is it possible if you can put Vaseline around your lens so that it will just be out-of-focus lights and it’s only the faces of Cherie and William that are going to be seen, so that all of a sudden these lights come on?’ He said ‘Yeah just paint the Styropor orange so that the lights would still be warm.’ So we bought about 200 [candles on Styropor] and on two [small outrigger boats], we lit each and every one of them and swept them with bamboo so that as the scene goes on these things start floating in. When we saw the rushes, I said, ‘Bernie, that’s shit! He didn’t defocus it in any way!’ All of a sudden they were surrounded by stupid candles and Styropors. ‘It’s ridiculous. This is really bad. We have to reshoot it!’ He said ‘No, just remember this scene will keep you humble the rest of your life.’” [From “Brocka-Bernal Interviews, 2018-2019,” for the exhibit Brocka, Bernal, and the City, January 24 to April 29, 2019, at the De La Salle – College of Saint Benilde’s School of Design and Arts.]

[3] “It’s very funny. He called me up and said ‘Peqs! Listen, I’ve been talking bad about you okay, but you have to understand, I’m the old guy, you’re coming up, your movie’s beautiful, I’m jealous, and … it’s only human, OK? We’re still friends.’ And I said, ‘Okay Bernie. I haven’t heard you say anything about it.’ He answered ‘Well I’ll be quoted … but beyond all that, I love you.’ I said ‘I love you too Bernie.’

11011“I don’t think I saw him after that anymore. So much so that when Marilou Diaz-Abaya called me up and said, ‘We need your help, Bernie’s dead,’ I said, ‘I’m busy, I can’t make it, I have to finish something first.’ She said, ‘Come on, that’s Bernie, he’s your friend.’ I said ‘I’m sorry I can’t make it, I can’t make it,’ so she hung up [after] she told me where it was. I stayed there for a while and I said ‘That’s right, Bernie’s my friend.’ So I got in the car and went, not to the wake. His body had just been brought in [to the morgue]. Mel Chionglo was there, Marilou, one or two others. And they said, ‘Oh you’re here, you should be here, we’re his friends.’ I said ‘Yeah, what do you want me to do?’ ‘Well we’re choosing coffins now and everything we seem to choose are six figures – 300,000 [pesos], 250,000. We have to work this out, what can you do?’ I said, ‘I’ll watch his body.’ So I went and sat down and I watched them not only dress him up, but put the big needle to remove all the dead blood, wash him, et cetera. I just stayed there until everything was done and they dressed him up and I remember combing his hair. That’s the last time I saw Bernie.” [From “Brocka-Bernal Interviews, 2018-2019,” for the exhibit Brocka, Bernal, and the City, January 24 to April 29, 2019, at the De La Salle – College of Saint Benilde’s School of Design and Arts.]

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My Peque Gallaga Interview

Maurice Claudio Luis Ruiz de Luzuriaga “Peque” Gallaga (1943-2020). [From the National Commission for Culture and the Arts]

I will admit that I tried, for the longest time, to keep distance between myself and Peque Gallaga. During the publicity blitz for his first solo film, Oro, Plata, Mata [Gold, Silver, Death] (1982), I preferred to interview his wife, Madie, the film’s producer who also happened to be the daughter of my mother’s supervisor at what was then the national sugar institute. He had a reputation for being temperamental and I preferred to avoid celebrity types, although I discovered later that I enjoyed studying them. Since this was the “new cinema” moment when the film world lavished adulation on auteurs, and OPM was a star turn more for its director than for any of its actors, Peque became as much the star of one of the Experimental Cinema of the Philippines’ initial productions as Nora Aunor was (then-already) the star of the other, Ishmael Bernal’s Himala [Miracle].

Gallaga directing his films: Oro, Plata, Mata (1982, above) and “Manananggal [Viscera Sucker]” segment of Shake, Rattle & Roll (1984). [From Focus on Filipino Films and Ronald Rios]


11011In fact I’d made his acquaintance earlier, when I had just joined a then-still-studious critics group that decided to invite the members of the newly formed production designers’ guild in order to get pointers on how to properly evaluate their category – for an annual awards system that I also soon repudiated. When the guild president kept arguing that PD practitioners insist on lavish adornments in order to shame producers who skimped on production budgets, Peque spoke out and said that the best kind of mise-en-scène was one that did not draw attention to itself. In effect, he stated that PDs should learn to welcome the challenge of working within narrow budgets, although whether he knew or didn’t, by saying so he contributed one vital brick to the ethical critical structure I was building for myself.[1]

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11011On another occasion, in one of those many self-congratulatory receptions the then-booming industry loved to sponsor, I had occasion to mention to him that I attended the rescreening of a film where he participated as actor. This was Mario O’Hara’s Tatlong Taóng Walang Diyos [Three Godless Years], which came out in 1976, the same year he won the critics’ prize for production design for Eddie Romero’s Ganito Kami Noon … Paano Kayo Ngayon? [As We Were]. Over coffee after the screening, one of the founding members asked me if I’d seen it before (I had), and what impressed me about the present viewing. “Peque’s performance,” I said, and he agreed. I said it might be the best of that year for the supporting-actor category, and he agreed again, somewhat sheepishly (I thought, because Peque wasn’t even nominated for it).[2]

11011About a year later, when the agency provided me with a scholarship to complete a second bachelor’s degree in the country’s first academic film program at the national university, I arrived at the office to turn in my output for the day. The whole place was abuzz with the premiere of the first sex film made by Regal Films, the country’s most successful studio. It wasn’t the first so-called bold film, or even the first locally produced bold film, to be exhibited free of censorship at the Manila Film Center; neither was it Peque’s OPM follow-up, since he’d already exhibited Bad Bananas sa Puting Tabing [Bad Bananas on the Silver Screen] (made for the 1983 Metro Manila Film Festival) as well as the soft-core historical allegory Virgin Forest, also a Regal production, earlier in 1985. Scorpio Nights promised to be different though, with its title suggesting an overtly and unapologetically sex-focused product.

11011But the buzz I mentioned was something else. It centered on an event that occurred right before the pricey but expectedly jampacked screening. Those who’d attended said that when it was Peque’s turn to speak, he let go of a volley of curses, naming specific individuals who were officials in the ECP and/or colleagues of mine in the critics’ group. Despite the fact that I’d already forsworn participation in the group’s annual awards after extreme frustration with not just the individual choices but also the hypocrisy and cynicism behind the process, Peque’s outburst made me anxious. At that time, I guessed that it had to do with the backlash by left-leaning critics against OPM, to which our group had given its highest prizes; some of the OPM-bashers were former members, others were later invited to be part of the group.

11011With some hindsight, I later thought that it also may have had to do with the fact that the cash-strapped ECP bypassed its next year’s second-place scriptwriting contest winner, Flores de Mayo [Flowers of May], and favored the third, Soltero [Bachelor] (1984), thus ensuring that Flores would never get done: not only was Flores written by Jose Javier Reyes, the same person that Peque recruited to write OPM as well as Bad Bananas, but Soltero was written by an official of the ECP – one of the names Peque had singled out. Friends at the agency however told me that any hurt feelings were subsequently smoothed over via an apology that Peque issued.

11011I got some measure of assurance later, after I completed the film program and worked up enough nerve to contact him to tell him how much I appreciated Scorpio Nights, how I disagreed with the critics locking it out of their major awards categories, and how relieved I was to drop out of the group so I could finally criticize them as an independent entity. He was effusive with praise for me, pointing out something that didn’t occur to me up to that point: “those people,” he said, “should have done what you did – study the field that they were dabbling in, so they’d know what they’re talking about and earn the right to call themselves qualified.”

Films co-directed by Gallaga: Binhi [Seed] (with Butch Perez, 1973, above) and Sonata (with Lore Reyes, 2013). [From Ronald Rios and Rappler]

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11011Academe gave me the time and inclination (though not the funds) to pursue a career as resident film critic of what was then the country’s most consequential newsmagazine, National Midweek. A foreign graduate-study grant became available right after I published my first book, and I stopped communicating with Pinas industry participants for nearly a decade. I maintained contact with some practitioners of a narrative format that I announced as my dissertation topic, but when the most prolific among them, Ishmael Bernal, died unexpectedly, I decided to stay put in the US until I completed my doctorate.

11011This is my roundabout way of explaining why my most intensive interactions with Peque since the present millennium consisted entirely of social-network exchanges. I knew I could get a great interview out of him, but in the meanwhile what I needed was some information for the book on Manila by Night (1980) that I was writing. I knew some of his stories as its production designer (for which he won his second critics’ prize), and I was aware that he was referring to his work on it when he articulated his principles during the critics’ soirée with the PD guild several years earlier.

11011What stumped me regarding Manila by Night was a different type of design – film sound. I apologetically brought up the topic with him, expecting him to hint at least that I should focus on his visual specialization. What do you know, he did get involved with the movie’s aural design, confirming my suspicion that the film’s extremely accurate and well-timed voices and noises were actually artificially – and painstakingly – recreated in the sound studio.[3] Much like creating a news report using memory and restaging the incidents one wanted to cover, carefully enough so that the total reality effect was replicated.

11011So one of my long-term to-do projects was an all-out Peque Gallaga interview, covering the full spectrum of his participation in film and film-related activities: as project conceptualizer, director (for film, TV, and theater), performer, visual and sound designer, theater-guild founder, professor, and whatever else he might remind me. I just needed to muster the guts to handle what I thought was his contempt for film critics, since he never failed to blast my older colleagues even after they handed him a well-deserved life achievement award about a decade ago. I also take every opportunity to point out their shortcomings, so at least we could have that useful convergence as starting point.

Gallaga and Lore Reyes, his co-director since 1987. [From Lore Reyes’s Facebook page]

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11011The final factor that eliminated all my misgivings regarding his belligerence occurred via a casual conversation I had late last year with his co-director, Lore Reyes.[4] I mentioned, in one of my recollections of the ECP screenings, Peque’s flare-up during the Scorpio Nights premiere. Apparently, according to Lore, everyone else had forgotten about it – but of course I couldn’t, since I had to steel myself for a Peque interview that was never to be, as it turned out. The story involved an otherwise highly regarded personality who was associated not just with ECP but also with the critics group as well as the national university’s film program. I deduced that he was acting with the support or encouragement of people in these institutions, the same people Peque had called out.

11011From our November 21, 2019, exchange: “Did you know? I caught Hammy [Agustin Sotto] cutting Scorpio Nights near dawn on the morning before its ECP premiere. I told Hammy I was going to fetch Peque, he said go ahead, fetch Peque. So I did. Peque punched him and kicked him in the head. It was a scene straight out of a cheap indie movie: a 5,000-foot reel unspooling all over Jess Navarro’s editing room in [the Regal office in] Valencia as Jess and I tried to stop Peque from beating up Hammy.[5] Later that day, [unknown to Manila Film Center head] Johnny Litton and Hammy, Jess restored all the clips that Hammy had cut (we brought a Steenbeck to the ECP parking lot and bribed the ECP projectionist so we could borrow the premiere print). That was where Peque’s rage was coming from, when he cursed all those personalities who were right there in front of him on the first row. They tried to cut his film without his knowledge.”

11011Goodness, I realized, I had nothing to fear at all about the man. He would defy hell itself to fight for something he thought was right. About that interview….

Notes

An account of Peque Gallaga’s achievements is recounted in the tribute issued by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts on its Facebook page. An abridged version of this article, titled “Peque’s Rage: A Retelling,” was published in the May 12, 2020, issue of The FilAm; it was also reprinted in the June 2020 issue of The FilAm: Newsmagazine Serving Filipino Americans in New York. (Click on pic below of the newsmag version to open PDF file.)

[1] In Monchito Nocon’s unpublished 2012 interview with Peque Gallaga regarding Manila by Night, Peque quoted Ishmael Bernal’s response when he demanded a reshoot of the Halloween revelers’ frolic at Manila Bay, since the camera operator had forgotten to bring the right lenses: “A film can never be perfect. It has to have a rough edge … a mistake … a human aspect.”

[2] To the credit of the late Mario A. Hernando, with whom I was conversing, he devoted a portion of his newspaper column (Kibitzer, in the now-defunct Times Journal) to raise this very same issue. The incident also alerted me to the dangers of passing canonical judgment based on swift and temporally marked-off considerations such as awards schedules.

[3] Abbo Q. de la Cruz, who played the rebellious peasant in Oro, Plata, Mata [Gold, Silver, Death], and whose Misteryo sa Tuwa [Joyful Mystery] (1984) was the first film completed during the second and final batch of ECP productions, was credited for sound effects in Manila by Night. On a Facebook post that was subsequently deleted by the account owner, Peque mentioned how he and Abbo locked themselves in the sound studio and worked themselves to exhaustion, until they felt they had all the possible audio coverage that the director might require.

[4] Another critical issue that besets the Gallaga credit is the directing partnership he maintained with Lore Reyes. This should resolve by itself as Reyes continues making films on his own, as he has done and as he should continue doing. Gregory Paul Y. Daza, in “The Unsung, Ignored Half of the Gallaga-Reyes Movies” (for the September 4, 2015 issue of BusinessWorld), provided what amounts to a useful primer for the Reyes-Gallaga dilemma.

[5] Tina Cuyugan, in a Facebook comment posted on April 10, 2020, narrated that “Peque did mention that he went to that encounter with Hammy brandishing (although not using, in the end) a cane that had been hand-carved by prisoners in Palawan. The type of precise Bakunawan detail that can stick to one’s memory for 35 years.” (“Nelson Bakunawa” was the name Peque used for his account, bakunawa being a mythological serpentine dragon capable of disrupting weather cycles and causing eclipses and tremors; the account has been archived by his family and is no longer available.) My own assessment of Hammy’s extremely conflicted positions as film critic, historian, festival promoter, educator, and aspiring industry practitioner may have to wait until I have been able to ensure my own objectivity about his actuations vis-à-vis the far-from-perfect institutions wherein he operated. For an essential and intensive retrospective report on the production history of Scorpio Nights, see Jerome Gomez’s “Coital Recall,” in Rogue (November 2015): 74-81.

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Bibliographic Mini-Essay 2: The Aunor Effect

Certain friends whose opinions I value have been asking me to elaborate on the “Aunor effect” – a term that immediately came to mind when I uploaded the bibliography on Philippine cinema to a spreadsheet and sorted the data chronologically as a whole as well as per category.[1] The impetus for me to explain the Aunor effect further strengthened when the text I contributed to the Pinoy Rebyu blog’s Filipino Film Person of the Decade survey came out. The full text I submitted (which was duly reprinted on the website) was as follows:

Until a few days ago I kept going over the list of movers and shakers in local cinema during the past decade, then during the present millennium, then during the last few years of the past century. When I drafted an essay to accompany the Philippine film bibliography I posted on my blog, I was surprised to find a name I associated with all-time influence on Philippine cinema. It shouldn’t surprise anyone that Nora Aunor remains as important today, though no longer as a box-office attraction, as she did when she started out. Nevertheless I still felt as humbled as I was fascinated: here was someone whom I felt I was upholding by making sure to acknowledge her superiority as film performer – when in fact I was the one (along with everyone else) she was bolstering, by ensuring that local film-book publication could begin and become sustainable through the decades.

11011Her political significance is also as unstable and unresolved as her artistic importance is beyond dispute: this is the only way to read her exclusion from the Order of National Artists under two successive administrations that regard each other as mortal enemies. What compounds the situation is that the Marcos oligarchy, now seeking to recapture its glory days, would be most likely to acknowledge her excellence, if the clan members are (atypically) sincere about restoring Ferdinand Sr.’s best practices. This isn’t the only irony attending Aunor’s existence in our lives, nor will it be the last. She deserves to be the decade’s Film Person, if only to remind ourselves that upsetting conventions and defying cherished notions will always have its place in the Filipino artist’s endless striving for meaning.

11011In a “Authoring Auteurs,” a bibliographical essay I published on January 18, 2020, on this blog, I cited the first film books to come out at the start of a mostly uninterrupted trend that kept growing to the present: these were titled Nora Aunor: Tagumpay sa Bawat Awit (ed. Jose Reyes Martinez, 1971), Ang Tunay na Kasaysayan ni Nora Aunor, Superstar (Rustum G. Quinton, 1972), and Getting to Know Nora (Herbert L. Vego, 1973). A few years later, Nick Joaquin (as Quijano de Manila) titled his compilations of feature articles according to “headline” star interviews – Amalia Fuentes and Other Etchings, Ronnie Poe and Other Silhouettes, Joseph Estrada and Other Sketches, Gloria Diaz and Other Delineations; the strongest seller in the series was Nora Aunor and Other Profiles (with his groundbreaking “Golden Girl” article), no longer a surprise by then.[2]

11011In 1983, two “installment” texts came out. One was the first Urian Anthology covering the 1970s, which was followed by other anthologies covering the other decades since. The other was Baby K. Jimenez’s Ang True Story ni Guy, Unang Aklat and Ikalawang Aklat – both comprising a satisfying auteur biography that people tend to overlook because of its subject. I will maintain that ATSG 1&2, along with Ishmael Bernal, Jorge Arago, and Angela Stuart-Santiago’s Pro Bernal, Anti Bio (2017) and Jerry B. Gracio’s Bagay Tayo / Hindi Bagay (2018) are my favorite celebrity bios – engaging, finely detailed, honest about their subject. If Ricky Lee’s long-gestating no-holds-barred biography finally comes out, then Aunor, who already has several books devoted to her, would have the most impressive biographies of any Filipino auteur, alive or dead.

11011A third 1983 volume, more historically significant than the critics’ anthology, was Rafael Ma. Guerrero’s Readings in Philippine Cinema. Nestor de Guzman, possibly the most assiduous Aunor scholar hereabouts, recently pointed out how National Artist for Literature Virgilio S. Almario (a.k.a. Rio Alma) wrote a celebrity article only once, and the text, “Cinderella Superstar,” was anthologized in the Guerrero book. De Guzman’s own anthology, Si Nora Aunor sa mga Noranian, was not, strictly speaking, the first of its kind; two other anthologies, Monina A. Mercado’s Doña Sisang and Filipino Movies (1977) and Mario A. Hernando’s Lino Brocka: The Artist and His Times (1993), preceded de Guzman’s 2005 collection, but then both subjects had died when the book projects were initiated as tributes to them. Moreover, de Guzman also took charge of the Iriga Public Library’s Noraniana Collection, a remarkable compendium, the only one of its kind, of media texts (books, videos, recordings, posters, etc.) on Aunor. In 2011, Kritika Kultura came out with its special issue titled On Nora Aunor and the Philippine Star System (August 2015), containing the sequel of Wilfredo Pascual’s Palanca Award-winning essay, “Devotion.”[3]

11011While further describing other “firsts” in film-book publication, two matters came up. The first novelization of a Filipino film was Edgardo M. Reyes’s 2010 adaptation of his script for Romy V. Suzara’s Mga Uod at Rosas (1982), a film that starred Aunor. The other centered on Aunor’s most famous project, Ishmael Bernal’s Himala (1982): Ricky Lee’s first republished book was his innovative prose collection, Si Tatang at Mga Himala ng Ating Panahon (1988, 2009); and although another script of his was first to be reprinted (Salome in 1981 and 1993) and behind-the-scenes accounts of other films were already available, Sa Puso ng Himala (2012) is by far the best example of a lavishly annotated and illustrated book centered on one title.

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11011Beyond these samples, we have a number of Who’s Who types of anthologies, of which I have so far confirmed the following as including Aunor in their list of subjects: Yen Makabenta’s Book of the Philippines (1976); Joy Buensalido and Abe Florendo’s 100 Women of the Philippines (1999); the Cultural Center of the Philippines in cooperation with the Centennial Commission’s CCP Centennial Honors for the Arts (1999); and the Sulong Pilipina! Sulong Pilipinas! volume of the National Centennial Commission’s Women Sector (1999). Needless to say, several other titles may turn out to contain features of or on Aunor – an example of which would be an entry titled “Noranians” (on Aunor’s fans) in The University of the Philippines Cultural Dictionary for Filipinos by Thelma B. Kintanar and Associates (1996).

11011More intensive inspections have been provided in such articles as Ambeth Ocampo’s “The Nora Aunor Mystique” in Bonifacio’s Bolo (1995); Marra PL Lanot’s “That Gal Named Guy” in The Trouble with Nick and Other Profiles (1999); Leonor Orosa Goquingco’s reviews of Aunor’s performances at the Philippine Educational Theater Asociation in Curtain Call (2001); Danton Remoto’s queer-inflected appreciation in Rampa (2008); and Patrick D. Flores’s “Hanapbuhay sa mga Pelikula ni Nora Aunor” in Consuelo J. Paz’s Ginhawa, Kapalaran, Dalamhati (2009).

11011Aunor’s status has long been iconic, for anyone who wishes to delve into that aspect of her signification. This can be gleaned in book chapters or sections devoted to her or her films, especially Himala: Neferti Xina M. Tadiar’s “The Heretical Potential of Nora Aunor’s Star Power” in Fantasy-Production (2004), Sumita S. Chakravarty’s “The Erotics of History” in Antony R. Guratne and Wimal Dissanayake’s Rethinking Third Cinema (2003), as well as Renato Perdon’s upholding of the film as a sample of religious expression in Footnotes to Philippine History (2008). A remarkable instance of a scholar using Aunor’s iconography to reflect on another Philippine star is Bliss Cua Lim’s “Sharon’s Noranian Turn: Stardom, Race, and Language in Philippine Cinema,” in Andrea Bandhauer and Michelle Royer’s Stars in World Cinema (2015).

11011There may have been no Aunor book or article during the last four years, although several (in varying degrees of development) are in the pipeline.[4] And as in the case of most of the other Pinoy auteurs such as Gerardo de Leon, Lamberto V. Avellana, Lino Brocka, Ishmael Bernal, and Fernando Poe Jr., more material can be expected to emerge after she dies. At this point, the only other living auteur whose name gets cited in several bibliographies is Kidlat Tahimik, discussed in four book chapters with one book, a film festival brochure, devoted entirely to him. Even if we assume an unlikely scenario where the Aunor effect already permanently ended in 2015, there still has not been any other Filipino who impacted publishing as she has, except for José Rizal and (possibly) Ferdinand E. Marcos.

11011A final note, irrelevant as far as I’m concerned, but urgent to many Aunor observers: all the filmmakers mentioned in the previous paragraph are National Artists. Even when regarded strictly as a scholarly issue, the honor means nothing when the most significant among them is excluded from their circle.

Notes

[1] Encouragement for me to write out this mini-essay came from Mauro Feria Tumbocon Jr., Nestor de Guzman, Cristina Gaston (pseud.), Patrick D. Flores, Deogracias Antazo, and Juan Andres Nolasco. Most of these books appear in the auteurist section of the categorized listing of the bibliography that I posted on January 18, 2020. To search through an uncategorized alphabetical listing, please click here. Of several other Aunor titles reported as published, I have been able to confirm their stature as books along with details of publication via the Noraniana Collection Project’s highly responsive overseer, Nestor de Guzman.

[2] Another 1977 event was also recently uncovered by the indefatigable Nestor de Guzman. Nationalist historian Renato Constantino came up with his latest self-published installment, Insight & Foresight (Quezon City: Foundation for Nationalist Studies, 1977). In a chapter titled “Entertainment as Tranquilizer,” he referred to an earlier article of his, “Nora Nora” (Manila Chronicle, February 27, 1971), wherein he situated Aunor within the orthodox-Marxist reading of Philippine film culture as a semi-colonial extension of Hollywood. Yet in a footnote, he had to acknowledge that, contrary to his charge that she was a mere “purveyor of alien culture,” she had starred in progressive-minded projects in 1976, Mario O’Hara’s Tatlong Taóng Walang Diyos [Three Godless Years] (NV Productions) and Lupita Aquino-Kashiwahara’s Minsa’y Isang Gamu-gamo [Once a Moth] (Premiere Productions) (Constantino 129-30).

[3] In the comprehensive bibliography, I had to exclude nearly all theses and dissertations. However, it would be remiss to ignore the very first (and presumably not the last) dissertation on Aunor, written by the country’s leading art critic and cited in Wilfredo Pascual’s “Devotion”: Patrick D. Flores successfully defended “Makulay na Daigdig [Colorful World]: Nora Aunor and the Aesthetic of Sufferance” in 2000 for his doctorate in art studies at the University of the Philippines.

[4] As if anticipating the need to prove my misgivings wrong, the latest Aunor publication came out within a month after this article was first published. This was the first issue of this year’s Bikol Studies: Perspectives & Advocacies, the Ateneo de Naga University’s journal, titled Nora and edited by popular-culture and gender expert Jaya Jacobo.

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Authoring Auteurs: A Bibliographical Introduction

Note: This article makes extensive reference to the “Comprehensive Pinas Film Biblio,” listed by author(s), that I posted in several versions. To find any title in the bibliography via its alphabetical arrangement, please click here, and to inspect the categories I used as well as the titles within them, please click here. To jump beyond the introduction, click here for: Methodology; Beginnings; Initial Attempts; Potentials; and Notes.

Click on pic to enlarge. Exact totals may have shifted since the date of posting
(updated to February 2021).

This pair of graphs will be as good a place to start as any. They don’t purport to depict the entire range of books written on Philippine cinema, although as far as I can surmise, they’re as exhaustive as I’ve been able to get so far. I started working on my list, in earnest, over a year ago, although I always had a “comprehensive bibliography” to-do folder on my desktop a few months since I launched Amauteurish! over five years ago. I imagine some pre-2020 titles might be added here and there, and even fewer titles may be deleted.[1]

11011In my announcement of the project on Facebook, I mentioned that I wrote about Philippine film books a few decades ago, and didn’t need more than a few pages to list everything available then.[2] As it turned out, a few more titles with aspects of Pinas film production as their coverage were printed before the generally acknowledged “first” Filipino film book, Vicente Salumbides’s self-published Motion Pictures in the Philippines, came out in 1952. The Salumbides text continues to stake a qualified claim nevertheless, since it was the country’s first non-institutional film book, although its subjective and self-lionizing perspective didn’t impel me to take better care of the photocopy I made of the now-rare original.

11011Why two graphs when only one history’s being described? The answer lies in the unusual abundance that crowds the upper graph’s right side. For a more logical starting point, I focused on the portion containing the film-propelled – and film-supportive – presidency of Ferdinand E. Marcos: just as his pre-martial law regime marked the peak period of Philippine film production, including three years (1965, 1970, and 1971) when local output exceeded 200, his martial-law dictatorship (1972-81 though actually extending to 1986) also appeared to coincide with an increasingly active production of books on Philippine cinema, from one or nothing in the beginning to over twenty in the last several years.[3]

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Methodology

My personal collection formed a core of references that I used every so often in the articles I wrote, so the list actually began as a more in-depth annotated bibliography I drew up in fulfillment of a special projects class I took under my dissertation adviser, Robert Sklar. He had planned to incorporate some data in a future update of Film: An International History of the Medium (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1993). As I narrated in my introduction to the 2014 digital edition of Wages of Cinema: Film in Philippine Perspective, my soft copy of the file was irretrievably lost because of a highly unstable system of digital storage, coupled with my usual carelessness. A far more immeasurable loss, and not just for me, was Professor Sklar’s death from an accident in 2011.

11011The e-book format enabled me to collect (and, more important, lug around) far more books than I could physically carry in their dead-tree editions. So it would be small exaggeration, at most, to say that I literally held (or beheld) more than half of these texts. I managed to cull a number that were initially unfamiliar to me, although they showed up in one of several online catalogues, and subjected as many as I could to actual confirmations – with their authors, whenever possible, or with researchers or collectors. I also managed to acquire or confirm basic publication details in the same way, with file photos of title and copyright pages.[4]

11011I devised an admittedly subjective list of categories that I later carefully uploaded to Excel spreadsheets, to be able to watch out for questionable entries and, in one case, determine when the most active publisher, Anvil, moved from one city to another. With two chronological sortings, one for the entire bibliography in general and another for books within each category, I managed to come up with the graphs I mentioned (using the former) and a list of firsts (using the latter). The trickiest qualifier I must disclose is that several titles, foreign as well as local, are not primarily film-specialized, or even film-oriented.

11011I made a separate list comprising film books as strictly defined, but the more recent publications successfully challenged the assumptions behind such a purist approach: not only because screen cultural studies is definitionally interdisciplinary, but also because authors from other countries and specializations find no problem in interweaving Philippine cinema in their narratives and analyses of nation, culture, and language. Hence I capitulated to the more pleasant (because easier) option of counting each entry as one, regardless of whether it was entirely on cinema, with or without full emphasis on the Philippines.

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First of the Firsts

I already mentioned Vicente Salumbides’s book as still-qualifiably the first Filipino film book. Prior to his publication, what we have is a fascinating array of colonial material – American and, at one point, Japanese. The US publications focus on the industry and its relation to government policy as well as on profit-generation, while the Japanese film book (by Abe Yutaka and Hitō Hankengun) more impressively looks into a singular government production, Abe Yutaka and Gerardo de Leon’s Dawn of Freedom (Eiga Haikyūsha & Toho, 1944). When regarded as colonial models for scholarship, it would be possible to say, discomfortingly for those with even a passing acquaintance of our foreign colonizers, that the US film books in the Philippines set a frankly deplorable and persistent orientation premised on moral anxiety – a continuation of a prefilmic Hispanic tradition, actually – while the Japanese book hewed closer to the tenets of aesthetic film appreciation, notwithstanding the propagandistic intent of the film it covered.

11011Salumbides’s book should have been followed by similar (and better) texts, but something about its period of emergence – the First Golden Age of roughly the 1950s – was inconducive to such a trend. (Unfortunately, I must give over any further interpretive prerogative here to scholars of Cold War culture. Too many cats to skin, or horses to shoe, or cakes to bake.) It remained then for the country’s self-styled counterfeit messiah and his former aspiring-starlet of a First Lady to provide the impetus for film-book publications. Fortunately, culture was the only area where they were most benign, or least rapacious, and film provided a high-profile means of displaying the democratic values they claimed to uphold.

11011The first formal film study in book form appeared as a chapter by critic-filmmaker T.D. Agcaoili, endorsing New Criticism, in a textbook co-edited by Gloria D. Feliciano, founding Dean of the then-Institute (now College) of Mass Communication in the national university. Like Agcaoili, none of the Nouvelle Vague-styled aspiring filmmakers who emerged right afterward to write for the Manila Chronicle, comprising Ishmael Bernal, Nestor U. Torre, and Behn Cervantes, had their own book publications, unless we count Torre’s monograph on history for the Cultural Center of the Philippines’s Tuklas Sining [Art Discovery] series as well as Bernal’s planned autobiography, Pro Bernal Anti Bio, passed on to Jorge Arago and completed by Angela Stuart Santiago.

11011With the declaration of martial law in 1972, one name appears and marks the rest of film-book publication in the Philippines thereafter. For three successive years, a book bore her name, starting with Jose Martinez Reyes’s Nora Aunor: Tagumpay sa Bawat Awit [Triumph in Every Song] during the final pre-martial law year, followed by Rustum G. Quinton’s Ang Tunay na Kasaysayan ni Nora Aunor, Superstar [The True Story of Nora Aunor, Superstar] in 1972, and culminating with Herbert L. Vego’s Getting to Know Nora. With primarily political texts by Guillermo de Vega, Simeon G. del Rosario, and Primitivo Mijares intervening, Aunor figured once again in a series of books by Nick Joaquin (writing as Quijano de Manila), who headlined, as it were, each book with a star interview as its main attraction. Despite spotlighting the youngest entrant (Joaquin’s other books featured Amalia Fuentes, Gloria Diaz, Joseph Estrada, and Fernando “Ronnie” Poe Jr.), Nora Aunor and Other Profiles became the bestselling entry and most prized collectible of the series – a vindication for Joaquin, who once narrated that he was cajoled by his colleagues for opting to write on a bakya or masscult figure.[5]

11011The abidance of what we may call the Aunor effect continued through the years, and when it might end may be impossible to determine. The first multi-volume non-anthological film book was a biography of hers, written by Baby K. Jimenez. The first auteurial anthologies dealt with a producer (Monina Mercado’s, on Narcisa B. de Leon) and a director (Mario A. Hernando’s, on Lino Brocka) – both of whom, incidentally, were gone by the time the books appeared – but the first anthology on a Filipino performer was Nestor de Guzman’s Si Nora sa mga Noranians [Nora to the Noranians].

11011Only filmmakers, led by Brocka, Ishmael Bernal, and Kidlat Tahimik, have otherwise showed up in scholarly book collections overseas, with Nora Aunor nearly the only actor mentioned by name; in one instance, a study of Sharon Cuneta by Bliss Cua Lim (in Andrea Bandhauer and Michelle Royer’s Stars in World Cinema), the article is titled “Sharon’s Noranian Turn” – an indication of Aunor’s iconic stature. The first special journal issue (which I edited, for Kritika Kultura’s August 2015 issue) to focus on Philippine stardom was titled On Nora Aunor and the Philippine Star System. A tell-all memoir by Ricardo Lee is in the works, and several other scholars have signaled their intention to provide further book-length entries to the Noraniana Collection (incidentally the name as well of the special section in the Iriga Public Library that features available media materials on Aunor, as well as a Facebook page of de Guzman’s, fully titled the Noraniana Collection Project, that provides information and updates on said materials).

11011The larger consequence of the Aunor effect is that more books on Filipino film auteurs – almost 80, as of the current count – have been published than in any other category; this includes a number of Who’s Who-styled collections, of which a number that only incidentally feature showbiz personalities might still show up sooner or later.[6] Histories (in the arrangement I provided) follow quite some distance behind, while screenplays managed to catch up only after I included teleplays, novelizations, and behind-the-scenes accounts. I found I also needed to combine books on screen cultural studies and political economy, as well as personal anthologies of reviews and criticism, in order to have totals in each category that did not depart too excessively one from another.

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The Other Firsts

The same year, 1983, that Baby K. Jimenez’s two-volume Ang True Story ni Guy [The True Story of Guy] came out, two anthologies of reviews and criticism were published. The first, Readings in Philippine Cinema (ed. Rafael Ma. Guerrero), deserves to have a longer-lasting impact because of the scholarly usefulness of its selections; the second, The Urian Anthology 1970-1979 (ed. Nicanor G. Tiongson), has become better-known mainly because the critics’ group behind it continued to spew out decadal installments. (Personal disclosure: I was a member of the organization and appeared in some of the later volumes long after I left the group.) The Aunor effect was palpable even in the non-biographical texts: she was the first Best Actress awardee in the critics’ annual awards, and was featured in the only celebrity article, “Cinderella Superstar,” written by National Artist for Literature Virgilio S. Almario (a.k.a. Rio Alma) and anthologized in the Guerrero collection.[7]

11011The obvious gap left to fill would be for a singular-author anthology – which came out the next year, in Isagani R. Cruz’s Movie Times. Several other authors (including the present one) followed suit, and even writers creating or compiling materials in other areas made sure to include a chapter, if not a section, on cinema. With the banishment of the Marcoses, a new sociological trend, premised on qualitative analysis and engagement with poststructural theory, began to make its presence felt. Many of the personal anthologies acknowledged this swing in film studies, although the first volume dedicated entirely to the approach was a slim and now-rare collection published by the Cultural Center of the Philippines, titled Unang Pagtingin sa Pelikulang Bakbakan: Tatlong Sanaysay [A First Glance at the Action Film: Three Essays] and written by Zeus A. Salazar, Agustin Sotto, and Prospero Reyes Covar.

11011As for the first history text, again Salumbides’s Motion Pictures in the Philippines may be regarded as an initial book-length attempt, enriched and expanded by several article-length accounts in various collections. A number of specialized histories preceded the first general one, Bienvenido Lumbera’s Pelikula: An Essay on the Philippine Film (1989): a problematic defense of martial-law censorship policies in Film and Freedom (1975) by Guillermo de Vega, Ferdinand E. Marcos’s mysteriously assassinated presidential assistant; Joe Quirino’s projected (though not completed) three-volume History of the Philippine Cinema series opener, Don Jose [Nepomuceno] and the Early Philippine Cinema (1983); and Nick Deocampo’s Short Film: Emergence of a New Philippine Cinema (1985).

11011The first screenplay published in book form was actually a back-to-back edition of Ricky [as Ricardo] Lee’s Brutal/Salome (1981), featuring Marilou Diaz-Abaya’s 1980 film and Laurice Guillen’s 1981 entry respectively (personal disclosure: I was a member of Cine Gang, the outfit that published the text). As in the case of Nora Aunor, the succeeding screenplays published during the decade were also by Lee: Moral (1982), Bukas … May Pangarap [Tomorrow … There’s a Dream] (1984), and Himala [Miracle] (1982) in Si Tatang at mga Himala ng Ating Panahon [Old Man and the Miracles of Our Time] (1988), with only Bienvenido M. Noriega Jr.’s Soltero [Bachelor] managing to intervene in 1985. Surprisingly, the first novelization – of Romy V. Suzara’s Mga Uod at Rosas [Caterpillars and Roses] (1982) – came out after the millennium; not surprisingly, it was by the film’s scriptwriter, Edgardo M. Reyes, whose other novels served as bases for a number of film adaptations.[8] The WWII-era’s only singular film book (by Abe Yutaka and Hitō Hankengun, mentioned earlier) was succeeded by a still, strictly speaking, non-Filipino behind-the-scenes account, of Gene Cajayon’s The Debut (2000), written by Cajayon, John Manal Castro, and Dawn Bohulano Mabalon.

11011Book chapters on, or descriptions of, Philippine cinema began appearing in foreign-published volumes on Third World (later Third) film and media, from the late 1970s onward, with Fredric Jameson’s controversial lionization of Kidlat Tahimik’s Mababangong Bangungot [Perfumed Nightmare] (1977), in The Geopolitical Aesthetic (1992), considered one of the early high points. The first foreign-published books on the national cinema were about the Marcoses’ involvement in film activities, both of which were part of the anti-dictatorship movement’s output: Primitivo Mijares’s The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos (1976), with its sensational “The Loves of Marcos” chapter detailing the President’s supposedly multiple dalliances with movie stars and celebrities; and Hermie Rotea’s Marcos’ Lovey Dovie (1983), on the steamy romance between Macoy and Dovie Beams, the American starlet he handpicked to play the woman he loved in Jerry Hopper’s Maharlika (1970), his self-alleged heroic exploits during World War II that were subsequently repudiated by his own US Army superiors. Mijares shortly disappeared under suspicious circumstances, and his teenage son’s corpse was dropped from a plane in a badly mutilated condition.

11011The first Philippine film book not published in Manila was Stars in the Raw (1982) by Jessie B. Garcia, the same author who wrote “The Golden Decade of Philippine Movies” (1972, reprinted in Rafael Ma. Guerrero’s aforementioned Readings on Philippine Cinema) – the article that first recognized a local Golden Age, in this case the studio-controlled system from after WWII to the 1950s. The book was published in Bacolod, as was his unauthorized Vilma Santos bio Queen Vi (1984), while another book, on tragic sex-film star Claudia Zobel, came out the same year in Iloilo City.[9] Nick Deocampo’s Short Film (1985) was the first non-script film book translated into another language (by Mark Garner and Matxalen Goiria into Spanish), as El Cortometraje (1986).

11011In the 1990s, two “official” reference materials on Pinas cinema were edited by Nicanor G. Tiongson, then the Director of the Cultural Center of the Philippines: Tuklas Sining [Art Discovery]: Essays on the Philippine Arts (1991) had a chapter by Bienvenido Lumbera titled “Philippine Film” that was in the main a historical summary; while the CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art (1994) had a volume, Philippine Film, that was later updated (as simply Film) in the encyclopedia’s second edition, published in 2017. Like the same editor’s Urian Anthology decadal series by the Filipino Film Critics Circle, these publications were bulky, glossy, and extremely expensive even by middle-class standards.

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Quo Vadis

The ubiquity of internet media initially lulled me into thinking that a bibliographic project, even semi-annotated like the one I completed, may no longer be necessary, much less convenient. The constant emergence of new information would be relentless, and the preponderance of false data could prove frustrating to everyone but the most dedicated researchers. Nevertheless, after taking out bibliographical material that I thought were either unwieldy (theses or dissertations) or unnecessary (martial law-era bulletins), I imagined I had a sufficiently manageable list – only to see it growing way beyond the original size I tried cutting down in the first place.

11011The most active film-book publisher in the country has been Anvil Publishing, which started in 1990 (with The National Pastime, also my first book) and amassed a total of 36 titles, or 43 if we include the earlier National Book Store publications. The university presses come next – the University of the Philippines’s with 31 books, Ateneo de Manila University’s with 16, and the University of Santo Tomas’s with 10. The Cultural Center of the Philippines a.k.a. Sentrong Pangkultura ng Pilipinas had about a dozen, but the title of “most active” can be claimed only by the newly established publishing arms of two studios: Viva Films’ VRJ Books came up with 15 volumes in 2016-19, or nearly four film books per year, while ABS-CBN Publishing had 18-plus books in 2015-19, or about three per year. This would be logical when we consider that both outfits are dedicated to entertainment titles, but it also leads us down another pathway: books that resulted from social-network postings, inasmuch as these sources not only allow drafts to be reviewed (by peers and trolls alike), corrected, and compiled, but also to generate public interest prior to publication.[10]

11011A so-far final new-media mark is to have books exist exclusively online. At this time, people buy them less and less from on-site stores and book fairs, and increasingly from internet sellers. Younger readers have become resourceful enough to seek out soft copies in a gray area where copyright claimants have become too negligent, or greedy, or both, thereby forfeiting their moral claim to prosecute people who make their products available to less-privileged citizens all over the web. Amauteurish! (pardon the promo) seeks to make as many titles as possible available for free or at minimal cost, while Shonenbat Collective on Facebook provides distribution for a so-far small number of books. These and forthcoming future initiatives have preempted government and academic resources from taking charge of on-the-ground book development, and deserve to prevail for as long as netizens find purchase in discursive activities outside of institutional interferences.

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Notes

[1] The types of books that I took out appear in the bibliography’s landing page. Later exclusions included Bela Padilla’s 100 Tula ni Bela [100 Poems of Bela] (Pasig City: VRJ Books, 2017), since it was a literary entry that was not a novelization, screenplay, or memoir, premised on the film titled 100 Tula Para Kay Stella [100 Poems for Stella], dir. Jason Paul Laxamana (Viva Films, 2017), that the author had starred in; and Gemma Cruz Araneta’s 50 Years in Hollywood: The USA Conquers the Philippines (Quezon City: Gemma Cruz Araneta, 2019), which was essentially a history text whose title intended to draw attention to an expression that the author attributed to her mother, Carmen Guerrero-Nakpil. Stanley Karnow’s description in his book, In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines (New York: Ballantine, 1989), of the Philippines spending “three centuries in a Catholic convent and fifty years in Hollywood” (Chapter 1), has become the most well-known appropriation. An exception I had to include was Queen Elly’s Vince & Kath series, described in endnote 10.

[2] In “Film Book Publishing,” Philippines Communication Journal 3 (June 1987): 76-79. One final category that could constitute a bibliography all its own would be the sources, acknowledged or otherwise, of material used in Philippine film projects. (When the films themselves become the source, as in novelizations or published scripts, they’re included in the listing I made.) Anyone who came of age during the Second Golden Age would understand my reticence: the wider critical community, led mainly by literary scholars, became obsessed over the issue of originality, wrongheadedly regarding it as a form of anticolonial resistance.

11011Local film critics were unfortunately – and (I must add) irresponsibly – unaware of the Cinema Novo movement, as explicated in Robert Stam and Ismail Xavier’s “Transformations of National Allegory: Brazilian Cinema from Dictatorship to Redemocratization” (reprinted in Robert Sklar and Charles Musser’s 1990 collection Resisting Images: Essays on Cinema and History). Of particular relevance here is the movement’s valuation of the symbolic function of anthropophagy, where pop-cultural cannibalism (or the local reappropriation of First World exports) is considered a worthy means of educating the audience about the artificiality of material from colonial centers, as well as of replicating the First World’s exploitation of its colonies from the vantage point of the dispossessed. The concept, for those who wish to delve further, is related to and overlaps with the carnivalesque, an even more prominent quality of Brazilian cinema.

[3] For the rate of total local film production, see the “Annual Filipino Film Production Chart,” covering 1919 to 2015, that I posted on this blog. I may have to add here that I have opted for a more liberal definition of what constitutes a book beyond the standard prescription of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization of “a non-periodical printed publication of at least 49 pages, exclusive of the cover pages, published in the country and made available to the public” (“Recommendation Concerning the International Standardization of Statistics Relating to Book Production and Periodicals,” adopted during the 1964 General Conference in Paris; italics mine). Typical of several university press series, a non-periodical monograph or collection shorter than 49 inside pages, which presents basic identity markers overtly or implicitly (such as title, author[s], editor[s], publisher[s], copyright claim, and year of publication), ought to suffice in the Philippine context.

[4] A year-long full-time stint, equivalent to a graduate-level internship, where I assisted the editor of the Modern Language Association Bibliography, made me familiar with the basic elements required in bibliographic listings. (Vital missing element in my own sets: total number of pages of body text and preliminaries – generally overlooked in most other biblio lists as well.) The MLA office was just around the block from the Tisch School of the Arts, which would have made it ideal save for the fact that since my coursework was complete by then, I didn’t have any use for its proximity to school. The organization’s political intramurals would be another story altogether, deserving of its own fuller account. For a useful summary of the concept of otraslevaia bibliografiia or the special (or subject) bibliography, as explicated in Soviet-era practice, see the translated entry from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (3rd edition, 1970-1979), titled “Special Bibliography.”

[5] Click here for the headline article in Nick Joaquin’s bestseller. The term “bakya crowd” was coined by director Lamberto V. Avellana to explain why his quality productions did not make money. Supposedly the members of the audience, who were unsophisticated enough to wear noisy bakya or wooden shoes in movie houses, did not have the capacity to appreciate his works. To refute his argument, Jose F. Lacaba wrote “Notes on Bakya: Being an Apologia of Sorts for Filipino Masscult” for the January 31, 1970 issue of the Philippines Free Press, as well as “Movies, Critics, and the Bakya Crowd” for the March 1979 issue of the Art Association of the Philippines Liham [Letter] – both reprinted in his blog Ka Pete (click here for the former and here for the latter). In response, Avellana claimed in his last interview that he was misunderstood – that he intended the term as an endearment, not an insult (Ernie A. de Pedro, “Portrait of a Director: Lamberto Avellana,” Filipino Film Review, vol. 2, no. 1, January-March 1985, pp. 22-27).

[6] Other artists who have written their own overt autobiographical accounts are Daisy H. Avellana, Mark Bautista, Rustica Carpio, Celso Ad. Castillo, Wenn V. Deramas, Jerry B. Gracio, J. Eddie Infante, Maine Mendoza, Pilar Pilapil, Armida Siguion-Reyna, and Jake Zyrus. Film artists who have been written about in book form include, aside from Lino Brocka and Narcisa B. de Leon, Lamberto V. Avellana (by Simon Godfrey Rodriguez, Nina Macaraig-Gamboa, and Wylzter Gutierrez), Gabby Concepcion (by George Vail Kabristante), Manuel Conde (by Nicanor G. Tiongson), Carmen de la Rosa (by Manuel B. Fernandez and Ronald K. Constantino), Dolphy (by Bibeth Orteza), Mona Lisa (by Celine Beatrice Fabie), Robin Padilla (by Deo J. Fajardo), Piolo Pascual (by David Fabros), Fernando Poe Jr. (by Alfonso B. Deza), and Vicente Salumbides (by Boy Villasanta, in addition to Salumbides’s own first-person text), plus the recently terminated love team of Nadine Lustre and James Reid, a.k.a. Team Real (by Christianne Dizon). More biographical accounts are discussed in endnote 9.

[7] Pointed out in a Facebook comment (January 28, 2020) by the same Aunor scholar, Nestor de Guzman, mentioned earlier. I am indebted to this same person for the details of publication (unavailable in standard bibliographic sources, online or in the real world) of several Aunor volumes in this bibliography.

[8] Emphasizing this in an endnote rather in the body text, so as not to sound too insistent: close observers would have noticed by this point that the Aunor effect had already occurred twice. She was the star of Himala [Miracle] and Mga Uod at Rosas [Caterpillars and Roses] (both 1982 films). The Ricky Lee anthology where Himala first appeared was his first book to be reprinted, in 2009; further to that, Lee also republished his script in an exemplary behind-the-scenes volume, Sa Puso ng Himala [In the Heart of Miracle] in 2012.

[9] In relation to endnote 6, special mention may be made here of two cases: the cited book on Vilma Santos, Queen Vi, by Jessie B. Garcia, that was pulled from circulation for allegedly disparaging her parents; and possibly the most innovative semi-autobiography ever published in the country, titled Pro Bernal Anti Bio, initiated by Ishmael Bernal, passed on to Jorge Arago, and completed by Angela Stuart Santiago. Bernardo Bernardo announced he was at work on a memoir before he passed away in 2018; titled Acting with Legends: Myth Pa Po Ako! [I’m Still a Myth!], it is projected to be available in 2021 (confirmed by its project manager, Noel Ferrer, via an August 4, 2020, message on Facebook Messenger). Finally, although Brocka is the most cited filmmaking auteur in the bibliography, Aunor not only preceded him, but also exceeds him by a definitive margin.

[10] As of this moment, I am unaware of any other attempts at creating books compiled from social network posts except for Richard Bolisay’s Break It to Me Gently (2019) as well as (partially) Ishmael Bernal, Jorge Arago, and Angela Stuart Santiago’s Pro Bernal, Anti Bio (2017). Millennial Traversals, the digital book I uploaded in 2015, is an unusual case in that it was reprinted in the University of Santo Tomas journal UNITAS’s May 2015 and May 2016 issues, which in turn were reprinted in 2019 as a back-to-back book edition by Amauteurish Publishing.

11011Another trend in the direction of film production is typified by the Vince & Kath series by Queen Elly, originating as fictionalized Facebook exchanges (labeled a “textserye” and later a “social serye”) among its characters, compiled and published in 2016 as a digital volume by ABS-CBN Publishing, and turned into a film, Theodore Boborol’s Vince & Kath & James (Star Cinema, 2016); the book was then followed by six sequels with individual subtitles: Books 2-5, also titled Vince & Kath, were subtitled Remember, Promise, Walang Titibag [None Can Destroy], and Cheer and Var (Vince and Kath’s nicknames), respectively; Books 6-7, titled Vince & Kath & James, were subtitled The Reunion and The Finale, respectively, but it was Books 5 & 6 that were developed in conjunction with the film (from an email reply dated April 1, 2020, by Roumella Nina L. Monge). For this reason I included the series in the bibliography (see Literary Adaptations & Accounts section).

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Entries in the 2 Editions of the CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art

The second edition of the Cultural Center of the Philippines Encyclopedia of Philippine Art, ed. Nicanor G. Tiongson (Manila: CCP & the Office of the Chancellor, University of the Philippines Diliman, 2017, ISBN 978-971-8546-70-3), is a noteworthy improvement over the first – except, again, for the exorbitant selling price. Now comprising 12 volumes, including two for literature, it however overlooked several books on film, an area which has been booming way before the millennium and shows no sign of letting up. (Just in time then for my uploading in Ámauteurish! of a fairly comprehensive bibliography on Philippine cinema.) I had the same contributions in Film (Volume 6, ISBN 978-971-8546-63-5) for this edition, plus an additional one in Theater (Volume 9, ISBN 978-971-8546-63-6). Special thanks to Maricor E. Jesalva, Cultural Attaché, for making available for scanning the set owned by the Embassy of the Republic of the Philippines in Seoul, Korea.

11011These entries are listed below, starting with a file of the preliminaries of the Film volume, including (for good measure) the page where I’m featured, and ending with General Sources, listing the materials I had written. The same warning I sounded regarding my entries in the first edition still applies: these articles had been co-written, relied on dated auteurist perspectives, and were occasionally outright erroneous. Scanned PDF copies, in order of pagination:

Preliminaries (Vol. 6, Film: cover, frontispiece, title, copyright, staff, contents), to page xv;
• “Aksiyon” (with Lynn Pareja, with notes from Pio de Castro III, Bienvenido Lumbera, & Nicanor G. Tiongson; updated by Mesandel Arguelles), 112-13;
• “Animation” (with Lynn Pareja, with notes from Pio de Castro III, Bienvenido Lumbera, & Nicanor G. Tiongson; updated by Michael Kho Lim), 114-17;
• “Horror” (with Lynn Pareja, with notes from Pio de Castro III, Bienvenido Lumbera, & Nicanor G. Tiongson; updated by Erika Carreon), 134-35;
• “Komedi” (with Lynn Pareja, with notes from Pio de Castro III, Bienvenido Lumbera, & Nicanor G. Tiongson; updated by Mesandel Arguelles), 136-38;
• “Musical” (with Lynn Pareja & Nicanor G. Tiongson, with notes from Pio de Castro III & Bienvenido Lumbera; updated by Johann Vladimir J. Espiritu), 139-40;
• “Acting in Film” (with Justino Dormiendo, with notes from Pio de Castro III, Bienvenido Lumbera, & Nicanor G. Tiongson; updated by Johann Vladimir J. Espiritu), 146-47;
• “Cinematography” (with Nick Cruz, with notes from Pio de Castro III, Bienvenido Lumbera, & Nicanor G. Tiongson; updated by Elvin Valerio and Clodualdo del Mundo Jr.), 161-64;
• “Distribution in Film” (with Rosalie Matilac, with notes from Pio de Castro III, Bienvenido Lumbera, & Nicanor G. Tiongson; updated by Albert Almendralejo), 179-82;
• “Producing for Film” (with Nick Cruz & Rosalie Matilac, with notes from Pio de Castro III, Bienvenido Lumbera, & Nicanor G. Tiongson; updated by Jose Javier Reyes, with notes from Johann Vladimir J. Espiritu), 196-99;
• “Sound Recording in Film” (with Nick Cruz, with notes from Pio de Castro III, Bienvenido Lumbera, & Nicanor G. Tiongson; updated by Rica Arevalo), 210-11;
• “Training and Education for Film” (with Lynn Pareja, with notes from Pio de Castro III, Bienvenido Lumbera, & Nicanor G. Tiongson; updated by Johann Vladimir J. Espiritu), 213-14;
• “Studies” with entries on Isagani R. Cruz’s Movie Times (1984), 386, and Emmanuel A. Reyes’s Notes on Philippine Cinema (1989) and Rafael Ma. Guerrero’s edited volume Readings in Philippine Cinema (1982), 388, plus an entry covering my first three books – The National Pastime: Contemporary Philippine Cinema (1990), Fields of Vision: Critical Applications in Recent Philippine Cinema (1995), and Wages of Cinema: Film in Philippine Perspective (1998) – by Eileen Ang, 386-87;
• “David, Joel” (by Rosalinda Galang, updated by Elmer L. Gatchalian), 427;
• “General Sources,” 566-67; and
• “Velasco, Johven” (Vol. 9, Theater, including cover; updated from Bonifacio P. Ilagan’s text), 796.

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11011For those interested in looking further (or going further back), the following are my entries in the first edition of the CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art, ed. Nicanor G. Tiongson (Manila: Cultural Center of the Philippines, 1994, ISBN 971-8546-23-5). Scanned PDF copies, in order of pagination, from Philippine Film, Volume 8 (of 10 volumes, ISBN 971-8546-31-6):

• “Aksyon” (with Lynn Pareja), 82-83;
• “Animation” (with Lynn Pareja), 83-84;
• “Horror” (with Lynn Pareja), 90;
• “Komedi” (with Lynn Pareja), 90-91;
• “Musical” (with Lynn Pareja & Nicanor G. Tiongson), 92-93;
• “Acting” (with Justino Dormiendo), 96-97;
• “Cinematography” (with Nick Cruz), 105-07;
• “Distribution” (with Rosalie Matilac), 112-14;
• “Production” (with Nick Cruz & Rosalie Matilac), 124-28;
• “Sound Recording” (with Nick Cruz), 134-36;
• “Studies and Training” (with Lynn Pareja), 136-37.

11011Finally, a batch of material I forgot about and recently rediscovered from the same encyclopedia edition’s Volume 9, titled Philippine Literature (ISBN 971-8546-32-4). Most were written by me, but I included the entries on my first book as well as on me as author, plus a film-book entry (Bien Lumbera’s) that I did not write:

• Isagani R. Cruz’s Movie Times, 473;
• Joel David’s The National Pastime, 474;
• Emmanuel A. Reyes’s Notes on Philippine Cinema, 475;
• Rafael Ma. Guerrero’s (as ed.) Readings in Philippine Cinema, 484-85;
• Bienvenido Lumbera’s Revaluation: Essays on Philippine Literature, Cinema and Popular Culture (entry written by M.T. Wright), 485-86;
• Nicanor G. Tiongson’s (as ed.) The Urian Anthology 1970-1979, 495; and
David, Joel (entry written by Rosalinda Galang), 575.

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Á!


Showbiz Babylon: A Tribute-of-Sorts to the Barretto Sisters


Pique and pulchritude: Claudine, Gretchen, and Marjorie (left to right), the protagonists of the Barretto family scandal, 2019 edition. (Instagram collage courtesy of ABS-CBNNews.com.) To jump to later sections, click here for: New Blood; Trophy BFs; Weaker Sex; and Notes.

“La dénonciation du scandale
est toujours un hommage rendu à la loi.”
– J. Baudrillard[1]

Since celebrity scandals observe the same cycle of fostering fatigue among the public after a period of intense engagement, don’t be surprised if the latest Barretto family intrigue has mellowed, if not dissipated, by the time you read this. Before the first member of the family emerged on the national stage, “Barretto” used to be better known as the location of a coastal drive along Subic Bay, where girlie bars featuring women from all over the country catered to American GIs willing to spend their precious dollars for rest and recreation (even if they wound up getting neither).

11011This made the Barretto clan locally prominent citizens in so far as any red-light area could bestow respectability. (It might help to remember that the illustrious residents of Malate also reside adjacent to another former red-light district, Ermita.) Hence Gretchen Barretto, or her handlers, did not feel the need to use another family name when she was launched as part of the second batch of mixed-gender Regal Babies. Unfortunately, the rival Viva Films studio had just launched its monstrously successful all-male Bagets batch, and Rey de la Cruz had an all-female troupe, the Softdrink Beauties, claiming whatever (frankly prurient) interest could be generated in good-looking women.

11011So the Regal Babies II were destined for certain oblivion, with a bravely determined Gretchen languishing in supporting roles.[2] She was barely noticeable in Lino Brocka’s Miguelito: Batang Rebelde (1985), for example, banking on her classy features but limited by her narrow range as a performer. By the 1990s, she had shed enough of her premature flab and gained enough height to look alluring enough for male-gaze purposes. Robbie Tan, founder-manager of Seiko Films, profitably deduced that the public had tired of sex sirens who looked and behaved like they came from the wrong side of the tracks. He devised a series of projects that objectified seemingly unattainable porcelain beauties led by Gretchen, turned his outfit into a major player in the process, and made the first Barretto star (Figure 1).[3]

Figure 1. Gretchen Barretto in one of Seiko Films’ early “sex-trip” hits, Abbo Q. de la Cruz’s Tukso: Layuan Mo Ako (1991).

New Blood

Another Barretto quietly took Gretchen’s place as constant second-stringer: Claudine, her younger sister. Unlike her predecessor, Claudine handled her years of relative obscurity as an opportunity to hone her performative skills. Her walk in the sun had a healthier component to it, by conventional moralist standards: she came of age when romantic comedies succeeded in displacing all the other then-profitable local film genres – horror, action, comedy, even her elder sister’s soft-core melodramas – and managed to prove her mettle alongside the peak capability of Vilma Santos, in Rory B. Quintos’s Anak (2000).

11011An accident of fate though propelled Claudine to a stature never attained by Gretchen. It was, unfortunately, a tragedy, the first indication that the Barrettos could only really soar on the wings of bad news. Just as Gretchen became a star by shedding her clothes, Claudine captured the public imagination when she broke up with her buena-familia boyfriend Rico Yan, grandson of a former army chief and ambassador during the presidency of Ferdinand E. Marcos. The heartbroken beau repaired to a Palawan resort, where he failed to awaken on an Easter Sunday, of all days, after a night of heavy drinking (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Claudine Barretto’s Instagram memento of the last note sent her by Rico Yan, posted after the latter died.

11011The public response was hysterical, with Yan’s wake and funeral march overshadowing those of two National Artists for Music, Lucio San Pedro and Levi Celerio. A reporter from the rival of Yan’s home station happened to be at the resort and scooped its competitor, which in turn avenged itself by preventing all other TV stations from occupying vantage points during Yan’s wake. Best of all, for Claudine’s fortune, her co-starrer with Yan, Olivia M. Lamasan’s Got 2 Believe (2002), had just opened in theaters, with Yan’s death catapulting it to record-blockbuster status.

Trophy BFs

This made of Claudine an even bigger star than her Ate Gretchen, and acrimonious vibes from the sisters’ perceived rivalry began getting airtime, with then-incipient social media paying due interest. Gretchen became the constant partner of businessman and media mogul-aspirant Antonio “Tonyboy” Cojuangco, while Claudine linked up with and eventually married another alumnus of De La Salle University, Raymart Santiago (of the well-known brood fathered by producer-director Pablo Santiago, preceded in showbiz by his elder brothers Rowell and Randy). Their mother Inday declared her preference for Claudine – a position eroded by her daughter’s on-cam pummeling of one of the roughneck Tulfo brothers (Figure 3) and her later separation from her husband amid speculation of excessive drug use, with Gretchen openly declaring her sympathy for Raymart.

Figure 3. Screen cap of mobile phone video taken by onlooker of Claudine Barretto and Raymart Santiago beating up Mon Tulfo for allegedly recording a quarrel they had with airport personnel.

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11011Which brings us to the latest teapot tempest. The situation could not be more high-profile, with the country’s chief executive, a family friend, attending the wake of the just-deceased Barretto patriarch. Gretchen and Claudine had patched up their differences, and Gretchen attended ostensibly to reconcile with her mother. A third Barretto showbiz aspirant, Marjorie, who never attained the same level of stardom as her younger sisters, refused President Duterte’s admonition to greet Gretchen, alleging that her niece, Nicole, was traumatized by Gretchen spiriting away a lover, businessman Atong Ang. (A full report of the incident, alongside related coverage, appears in Nikko Tuazon’s “Who Is Nicole Barretto?” published at Philippine Entertainment Portal, October 21, 2019.)

11011In a sensational tell-all TV interview, a remarkably articulate and sensible-sounding Marjorie acknowledged that after the collapse of her own marriage to Dennis Padilla (actually Dencio Padilla Jr., son of a late well-loved comedian), she bore a love-child to Recom Echiverri, a former mayor of Caloocan City; this was by way of her pointing out that Ang was also very much married, and that Gretchen was thereby being unfaithful to Cojuangco, who similarly was hitched to someone else.

11011Predictably, Gretchen denied any physical relationship between her and Ang (Figure 4), a sufficiently credible assertion when we consider how she never balked at admitting any of her past indiscretions. The clarifications and counter-accusations will continue for some time, until the family arrives at a level of accommodation acceptable to the major players in the current fracas.

11011What conclusions can we draw from the situation? One is that the Barretto sisters are smart and determined enough in stretching their media mileage, notwithstanding the occasional evidentiary recordings of such social slip-ups as Claudine’s fistfight with Mon Tulfo or the screams and hair-pulling (with the Presidential Security Group atypically befuddled) that erupted during Miguel Alvir Barretto’s wake.

11011Marjorie’s subsequent TV interview effectively effaced an earlier scandal caused when her daughter, Julia, admitted boinking hunky star Gerald Anderson, who was supposedly committed to another star, Bea Alonzo.[4] Julia claimed that she had broken up with male starlet Joshua Garcia (just as Anderson’s relationship with Alonzo had supposedly ended), but also subsequently wound up denying that she was the mistress of another elderly entrepreneur, Ramon Ang.

Figure 4. One of Gretchen Barretto’s series of socnet posts mocking the charges made by her elder sister Marjorie and referencing Recom Echiverri.

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Weaker Sex

Another conclusion we can make is that males involved in any capacity in this dustup will be better off keeping quiet. Atong Ang appeared in one of those obviously staged “ambush interviews” coddling his legal family while declaring he had never diddled any of the Barrettos. Assuming he was truth-telling, he was also effectively saying (awkwardly, at that) that some of his Barretto friends were lying. The family patriarch, in contrast, was ironically better off reposing in a coffin: even with Gretchen recapitulating her accusation that he had molested her, no one will want to continue speaking ill of the dead.

11011As pointed out by the late film scholar Johven Velasco in his book article on Rico Yan,[5] a number of influential talk-show personalities were penalized by their TV stations, after they revealed that the deceased young star, upon learning that Claudine had allegedly been unfaithful to him, had obtained Ecstasy tablets to counter his depression. The reality that it could be factual didn’t matter as much as the possibility that a recently dead star might be slandered.

11011An even more significant conclusion that Velasco makes, echoed by social experts looking at the current familial flameout, is that any scandal’s staying power derives from what it says about us, more than about the family itself. In this instance, it’s women claiming for themselves what moral authorities used to say only men were entitled to: the privilege of behaving badly (“war of the courtesans,” to use a semi-complimentary description by expat artist Therese Cruz). The scope even has the trigenerational impact of classical Greek tragedy, a curse being passed on from parents to children to their children’s children.

11011A fast-declining generation might remember when a similar phenomenon used to command the attention of the media and public, not just in the Philippines but also overseas: the Marcos family saga, from the patriarch’s womanizing and his wife’s philistinic overcompensation, through their rebellious daughter’s romance with an oppositionist scion (including a kidnapping and fall-guy killing that foreshadowed the murder of Benigno Aquino Jr.), to their exile and triumphant return to a country that seemingly, masochistically, has not had enough of their excesses. Thankfully, the worst that the Barrettos can visit on themselves and their public will never be as malevolent as their higher-profile media predecessors had been.

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Notes

First published October 28, 2019, as “The Barrettos and the Privilege of Behaving Badly,” in The FilAm. An abridged version of this article, titled “Barretto Sisters: The Privilege of Behaving Badly,” was reprinted in the December 2019 issue of The FilAm: Newsmagazine Serving Filipino Americans in New York. (Click on pic below of newsmag version to open PDF file.)


[1] From Jean Baudrillard, Simulacres et Simulation (Paris: Éditions Galilée, 1981): “The denunciation of scandal always pays homage to the law,” trans. Paul Foss, Paul Batton, and Philip Beitchman (Los Angeles: Semiotext[e], 1983).

[2] Incidental disclosure: some time after completing my second undergraduate degree (film, at the national university), I was a freelance production assistant in a Regal Films project, Emmanuel H. Borlaza’s Asawa Ko, Huwag Mong Agawin (1987), a Vilma Santos-starrer that featured the 1960s tandem of Amalia Fuentes and Eddie Gutierrez; Santos played the mistress of Gutierrez (and rival of Fuentes), while her much younger boyfriend was essayed by Gabby Concepcion, an original (first-batch) Regal Baby. A then-deferential and reclusive Gretchen Barretto was cast as one of the older couple’s neglected children.

[3] In much the same way that an early martial law-era pop-culture term, “bold,” was introduced by Regal Films, the country’s longest-running major studio, to distinguish its soft-core entries from the pre-martial law period’s more overtly sex-themed “bomba,” Robbie Tan felt the need to distance his productions from the late Marcos-era’s hard-core “penekula films.” Seiko Films did this by first appropriating “sex-trip,” abbreviated as ST, and later introduced an English coinage, “titillating film.” See “Fleshmongering” in Fields of Vision: Critical Applications in Recent Philippine Cinema (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1995), 112-14.

[4] An update, as of late 2020: after having starred in the aptly titled rom-com Between Maybes (dir. Jason Paul Laxamana, 2019), Julia Barretto and Gerald Anderson sent out broad social-media hints that they have remained … conjoined, as it were. Their apparently unsullied contentment may yet prove to be its own scandal, by standing out as the only happy ending in the 2019 Barretto saga. Even better (though worse for us gossip hounds), Julia claimed that she and Joshua Garcia are going gangbusters as friends, with the more showbiz-savvy Julia mentoring her exemplary sport of an ex.

[5] “Rico Yan: Posthumously Recognized and Constructed,” in Huwaran/Hulmahan Atbp.: The Film Writings of Johven Velasco, ed. Joel David (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 2009), 24-38.

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Manoy Takes His Leave

The sudden end to the long and productive life of actor-director Eddie Garcia was unnecessarily tragic, with corporate negligence compounding the foolhardiness of an artist too game to retire at an age when most other people would have completed two or more entire careers. The evaluation of netizens is on the mark in this case: Garcia’s willingness to take risks, typical of his approach throughout an extended and colorful career, should have been tempered by the studio that had apparently bet on countering the most successful serial program of the moment by showcasing, among other novelties, the physical agility of the country’s oldest active action performer.[1]

11011First appearing as a contract actor by the most star-obsessed among the 1950s First Golden Age studios, Garcia’s unconventional attractiveness positioned him a degree apart from full star stature: he could occasionally headline a project, but never the romantic leads that required the Euro-mestizo prettiness claimed by any number of now-forgotten actors. Having decided to make the most of a range of skills that allowed him to dabble in genres as disparate as horror, action, comedy, even soft-core melodrama, as leading man or villain, he settled on making himself indispensable as a competent ensemble performer who could draw on reserves of brilliance in case the role happened to demand it of him.

11011His filmography of over 650 film appearances (a possible local record) attests to the success of his strategy, but he had a higher purpose in mind: to be able to carve out a parallel career as film director. His choices were informed by the same principle of populist entertainment that he maintained for his acting career. One can see how his efforts could be occasionally penalized for being too mainstream, in a system that prized (then as now) “independent” efforts: when his best film, Saan Nagtatago ang Pag-ibig? (1987), came out, the Filipino critics’ group declared that no film during that year was worth considering for its annual prizes. Saan Nagtatago has since then been regarded as one of the high points in Pinoy melodrama.

11011Observers were also prone to concluding that his expertise as director accounted for his actorly acumen. This may be safely accepted as conventional wisdom, in conjunction with his pronouncement that his original dream was to be a military official. His work ethic, arriving about an hour ahead of call time, lines already committed to memory, was typical of performers of his generation, and those of theater-trained actors even today. Yet there were fault lines in this ultra-professional approach, and it occasionally showed up in his filmmaking record. He directed (and won his first directorial award for) the second biographical campaign movie of Ferdinand Marcos, Pinagbuklod ng Langit (1969). When later, the then-newly founded directors’ guild declared a boycott of the film projects of Gabby Concepcion, Garcia defied guild president Lino Brocka by accepting a Concepcion assignment for Viva Films.

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11011Ironically, Garcia’s acting projects with Brocka constituted his most rewarding body of work. He had memorable roles in the first few films of Ishmael Bernal, showed up in some of Eddie Romero’s more ambitious projects, and endeared himself to camp fans in the sex-comedies of Danny L. Zialcita. But as the most politically committed Filipino director, Brocka required effective representations of political villainy, and no one delivered the goods as well as Garcia, in a series of acclaimed works: Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang (1974), Miguelito: Batang Rebelde (1985), and Gumapang Ka sa Lusak (1990), among others. Their collaboration was cemented early on, in Brocka’s second film assignment and first serious work, Tubog sa Ginto (1970), still arguably the highest peak in male Philippine film performance.

11011The mystery in Tubog lies in how Brocka managed to create his best queer film during the period when he still had to come around as an openly queer artist. His later “out” movies, notably Macho Dancer (1988), pale in comparison to the early work. People tended to ascribe some credit to Garcia, to his admission that he conducted intensive research among colleagues in the industry, plus his earlier attempt in essaying a comic version of the closeted authority in Kaming mga Talyada (1962), affirmed by his subsequent willingness to tackle similar roles (comic and dramatic) even in his old age – including his last film assignment, Rainbow’s Sunset (2018). To be honest, the results were always mixed and not as definitive as Tubog itself; in a comic ensemble work, Mga Paru-parong Buking (1985), he was upstaged predictably by Bernardo Bernardo and unexpectedly by George Estregan.

11011Eight years ago, in one of those confluences that make pop culture an endlessly fascinating phenomenon for its devotees, several identifiably masculine actors admitted to past same-sex experiences. One of them was Garcia, who said that his own episode occurred early, when he was 15, as part of a quest to determine his own preference. One could look at the group of confessors and note for the record that they were all extremely accomplished performers. Yet the measure of the audience’s distractability, as well as Garcia’s own volatility, is that most people remembered his queer performances, but not his own acknowledgment of the roots of his appreciation. All in all an occasionally spotty record then, but generously strewn with gems worth treasuring: rarely have we been so lucky.

[First published June 23, 2019, in The FilAm]

Note

[1] In the wake of the tragedy, the studio, GMA-7, announced that its series, Rosang Agimat, was shelved. The new program was intended to challenge ABS-CBN’s long-dominant Ang Probinsyano, where Garcia had (ironically) also been a featured player.

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Auteurs & Amateurs: Toward an Ethics of Film Criticism (Lecture Version)

Many thanks to the International Association for Ethical Literary Criticism for inviting me to deliver a plenary lecture on ethical film criticism. I may not also be everyone’s idea of a film critic, especially if you bump into me during more casual occasions than a literary conference. In my own feeble defense, I would begin by mentioning that what we might count as the basic output of a film critic, the movie review, was one of my earliest articles as a campus journalist, over forty years ago (David, “Birds of Omen” 43-45) – but let’s keep that scandalous detail to ourselves, shall we.

11011Since then, my odyssey as a Filipino film critic was marked by a few firsts: first fresh college graduate to be invited to the Filipino film critics circle, first former student activist to work in the Marcos dictatorship’s film agency, first and only graduate of the country’s undergraduate film program (my second degree actually), first to publish a local prizewinning book in film criticism, first Filipino to be accepted to a doctoral film program, first director of the national university’s film institute; although one last first – to teach a graduate course in pornography and feminism – will again be probably not to everyone’s liking or appreciation.

11011I take this personalized narrative-based mode because the lessons I learned about ethical practice in film criticism were hard-earned and initially defiant of then-existing values and ideas. But before we move on to what those insights might be, allow me to point out a problem, more of a kink really, in the expression “ethical practice in film criticism.” What I mean by this is that, contrary to commercial practitioners’ expectations, and in line with the thrust of the conference, film criticism always-already presumes ethical practice. This would be its most vital, though also most obvious, resemblance to literary criticism.

11011I may also need to make clear this early that I depart from the premise of what we term ethical literary criticism in a crucial manner. One way of understanding why this distinction must be made is in the industrial definition of film production as opposed to literary activity. To better comprehend the comparison, let’s consider each sphere during the recent past when media technologies had yet to begin converging in digital formats, and were therefore distinct from one another. In literature, the entire manufacturing activity comprising the use of all types of printing and copying machines, plus binding and distribution systems, can never be fully equated with actual literary production. A significant, unknowable, but possibly greater amount of literature is necessarily created privately, almost entirely by individuals, and an invaluable amount resides in the collection and maintenance of written material, not all of it printed in the still-contemporary sense.

11011Film, on the other hand, is emblematic of what we should really call the post-literary mass medium, in the sense that without the presence of an industry, it would not exist – except, at best, as theater. From beginning to end of the filmmaking process, one or more machines are operated by technical specialists, even in the case of the simplest possible type of production, the home movie. In fact the most distinct type of movie we recognize today, the film event, is premised on industrial spectacularization, with its megabudget appropriation, cast of thousands, reliance on preexisting commodities such as hit prequels or comic books, and global distribution system, with a showcasing of the latest digital-graphic applications as an essential component of its attraction.

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11011My sentimental education regarding this matter proceeded from my stint in the Marcos-era film agency, heightened by my film-school internship, and concretized in the year-long freelance work I conducted, in effect replicating what I did right after completing my first degree, in journalism. Allow me to interject here that freelancing in media is the one thing I would never recommend to any fresh graduate, unless she or he has a masochistic streak. Nevertheless, I had enough of a background in student activism and government service to sustain me with a few overweening delusions: first, that scouting the field for the best option can be done while earning a living; second, that media outfits would be fair enough to reward hard work rooted in academic training; and third and most unreasonable of all, that a free radical could effect some changes significant enough to improve the system.

11011In my short autobiographical account of my stint as production assistant for a mainstream studio, I mentioned a notion I’d hoped for that somehow became a reality: today, graduates of any of the country’s few film programs get hired by film and media outfits on a regular basis (David, “Movie Worker” 13). An even luckier few of these degree-holders manage to skip an on-the-job training process and make local and sometimes global waves with their first few film projects. Yet the lesson that impacted my practice as film critic did not appear in this account I wrote. It was something I formulated later, after returning to film commentary by being designated the resident film critic of a prominent weekly newsmagazine.

11011I will admit that I wished that when I first stated my newly formulated ethical premise, my colleagues hailed me as harbinger of a useful and progressive insight. In reality, I collected a number of verbally abusive responses then, and still do so occasionally today. Strangest of all, for me, is the fact that these almost entirely come from representatives of the national university, bastion of claims to Marxist ideals in the country. My aforementioned premise runs as follows. Because of its industrial nature, film practice enables individuals to support themselves and their families and acquaintances. We kid ourselves if we merely focus on the high-profile examples of celebrities and producers and major creative artists: the majority of people working on any sufficiently busy project would actually be working-class, as I had been when I worked in the industry.

11011When a project ends, one could sense a festive atmosphere, with people simply relieved that the struggles and headaches that they sustained through several weeks, sometimes months or even years, of mostly physical labor, have finally come to an end. Yet on the ground, there would also be palpable anxiety: which upcoming project can they latch onto, in order to be able to continue maintaining a decent source of income? Corollary to this is their hope that the project they just finished earn back its investment, if not become a hit, because this means the producer would be able to bankroll a future film, with the strong possibility of rehiring them.

11011I tracked this logic to its extreme conclusion and realized that its ethical core was solid enough to apply to any kind of project. Even a supposedly aesthetically dubious undertaking, like a genre film, or a socially disreputable effort, like a trash or pornographic entry, still represents a godsend to any impoverished member of the film crew. And if the said dismissible output makes a killing at the box-office, this may be unwelcome news to society’s moral and aesthetic guardians, but it certainly portends nothing but glad tidings for the project’s collaborators – its producers and artists, of course, but its workers as well, silent though they may be.

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11011I was taken aback, and still tend to have the same response, by the magnitude of the hostility exhibited by academe-trained experts whenever I attempted to articulate this critical premise. In retrospect, of course, I can see where my should-be colleagues were coming from. The class-based orientation of orthodox Marxist training behooves them to focus on the role of captains of industry – producers, financiers, investors – and subject their judgment of a film product to the moral depredations wrought by capital. As a consequence, profitability, according to this view, should be its own reward already, so a movie that hits pay dirt ought to meet higher expectations or face critical dismissal. Bound up with this judgmental mindset would be the known political sympathies of the major entities behind the production, as well as the operations of narrative formulas, with genre projects suggesting a questionable set of motives, and “low” or “body” genres confirming the producers’ and filmmakers’ surrender to decadence.

11011The one auspicious and relatively recent development on this front is that a progressive strain in feminist thinking, which we might call the sex-positive anti-censorship school (Kleinhans and Lesage 24-26), has set out to recuperate these modes of practice that once resulted in what we might term film detritus, or types of movies that so-called respectable experts and institutions would have jettisoned from any canon-forming activity; some of the more familiar examples would include pornography, horror, tearjerker melodrama, toilet-humor and slapstick comedy, home and diaristic movies, even advertising and propaganda.

11011This development was affirmed on several institutional fronts during the last few years of the 20th century. For example, of the over 200 titles classified as “condemned” or “offensive” by the US Catholic Church’s Legion of Decency from 1936 to 1978 (Catholic News Service), several showed up in the so-called Vatican Film List (SDG), which were supposedly endorsements to the faithful of nearly 50 titles, presented by the Pontifical Commission for Social Communications on the occasion of cinema’s first centenary in 1995. What this meant was that movies once regarded as immoral by religious standards, were later admired as insightful windows into the human condition. When I was in the process of completing my cinema-studies doctorate, the top-ranked American film schools started announcing courses on US skinflicks of the 1970s, now regarded as a Golden Age in porn production; a previously X-rated film, John Waters’s Pink Flamingos (1972), was an arthouse hit, as was an even earlier entry, Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill! (1965), described as Russ Meyer’s tribute to bosomania. Films with outright pornographic sequences can at present be submitted to compete in the A-list film festivals of Europe, and even win major awards for the effort.

11011What this made evident to me was the fact that in popular culture, no pre-existing judgment is guaranteed to last forever. Just as the historical heroics and Biblical epics and costume dramas that once dominated US Academy Awards are only screened for camp amusement today, and the downgraded B-movies of that same era are now considered essential to studies on the development of film language (Monaco 7-10), so can we indulge in the engaging exercise of identifying which contemporary forms of audiovisual media happen to endure the disapprobation of authorities in government, academe, and corporate-sponsored institutions. Only those among us who still cling to beliefs in eternal verities in approaches to popular culture, will be dismayed by the constant revision and repudiation of standards that mark contemporary evaluations of film and cultural artefacts, and will probably be surprised when today’s so-called trash items become tomorrow’s objets d’art.

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11011I might need to clarify, however, that my insistence on recognizing the cruciality of continuing film-production activity to the sustenance of an industry, does not imply that I desisted from formulating negative commentary during the six-year period when I had to turn in reviews on a weekly basis. What my premise precluded, in my personal practice, was the use of sweeping condemnations like “worst movie ever made,” unless I could mix in tonal shadings of irony or camp. Put another way, anything that could lead to the conclusion that such-and-such a release should never have been made would make me think more than twice: I could just as well be commenting on the potboilers I had worked on, and if they’d never been made, how would I have survived?

11011How then should I evaluate the moral worth of a film that I had to review? The answer to this entailed a two-stage procedure, one building on the other, and once more provoking unusual controversy. The first necessitated a bout of critical self-awareness on my end, a condition that applies as much to resident critics as to contemporary bloggers, especially those who set out to cover sudden concentrations of new or old releases, such as film festivals or retrospectives. When an editor or publisher stipulates that the critic must review everything on a given slate, the latter ought to initiate a constant negotiation regarding which releases are accordant with her level of competence or interest, and which ones lie beyond the scope of her abilities. I was fortunate during my resident-critic years that the movie industry was churning out up to four local releases a week, not to mention the far bigger amount of foreign releases that were being distributed. So picking out a film or two or more, out of five to ten choices, was a far better ratio than the one-to-one requirement imposed by some internet websites on their reviewers.

11011The second stage, as I mentioned, was when troubles would arise – not with my casual readers, but with my self-appointed critics. The method I observed took shape after the usual formal-slash-sociological, form-and-content approaches I used, left more questions than answers in their wake. Mostly these would revolve on another bout of self-doubt: how sure was I that any declaration I made was certain to hold up through an unpredictable future? As an example, a canon-creation project for Philippine cinema, ongoing for nearly a decade already, yielded several surprises when we went through the few major films of the past half-century (David and Maglipon). Among the movies released during the martial-law period of 1972 to 1986, for example, several titles acclaimed for their political daring felt, in retrospect, like melodramas in desperate search of significance. What stood out today, with some of them increasing in stature and integrity, were the honest-to-goodness flat-out melodramas, dismissed by film critics of the time for being flighty, apolitical, decadent, tending toward camp, and produced by a studio suspected of reveling in covert sponsorship from the dictatorial regime.

11011The ideal critical approach would therefore set down any conclusion we can make about a movie as strictly provisional, subject to further developments in cultural and political history. But what about the more problematic film-texts I mentioned earlier – i.e., the movies that enjoyed popular patronage? Would there be a means of presenting findings about these releases without falling into the trap of the high art-vs.-low culture binary? The only method I could think of during the time was to contact actual members of the mass audience. When I’d encounter friendly get-togethers in the congested neighborhoods where I resided, I’d approach the people I knew and chat about the movies they just watched or were planning to watch. Refreshingly, these were people who were unconcerned about my academic intent or the impression they would give about themselves among the intelligentsia. So when I asked them for the reasons behind their choices, they never felt obliged to genuflect before the altar of moral worth or aesthetic significance. What they’d provide instead was a unique though residual form of cultural logic, more helpful in elucidating why any current box-office hit was raking it in, regardless of its critical standing.

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11011Even today, one could see this deplorable and potentially tragic separation between the chattering classes, which would include all of us here, and the mass audience, or the public at large, or what we increasingly recognize as the majority of online netizens. When confronted with the reality of inconsistencies in voters’ choices, our colleagues would tend to explain this away by describing them as uneducated, unsophisticated, devoid of higher moral senses, vulnerable to petty corruption, oblivious to the consequences of their decisions. This type of academically acceptable though horrifically anti-progressive approach was what I attempted to evade via the admittedly casual anthropological research I conducted before setting out to articulate my responses to any contemporary film release during my time as resident critic. Once again, for reasons that I cannot (and prefer not to) fathom at this time, colleagues tended to react violently when I set this out as a prescription.

11011The first time I laid it out, rather than used it as a means of explicating specific popular films, a trend in Philippine cinema was arousing the ire of people across various political divides, even opposing ones. This was during a time, a few years after the world-famous February 1986 “people power” uprising, when the surest guarantee of box-office performance was for any movie to resort to toilet humor (David, “Shooting Crap” 109-10). Characters would be seen on prime-time TV trailers clutching their tummies or butts, rushing to toilet cubicles, with diarrheic sounds emanating from inside and characters in the vicinity responding to what appear to be unpleasant odors. The exponent of this funky trend was a comedian named Joey de Leon, still-popular today, whose latest exploit was a wildly successful comic-romantic setup that played out during the real-time real-life segment of a noontime variety show (Zamora).

11011Gamely accepting the challenge to defend his use of toilet humor on a TV talk show, de Leon found himself confronting the right-wing pro-Church chair of the censors board, as well as a leftist academic famed for being occasionally censored and thrown in jail by the martial-law government of Ferdinand Marcos. During a time when the members of the left-leaning Concerned Artists of the Philippines were conducting a series of rallies to protest post-Marcos censorship policies, this was the one remarkable moment when representatives of both sides came together for a common cause – to castigate de Leon’s reliance on a borderline-obscene strategy for provoking audience laughter. I criticized the spectacle via the following remark:

to question a person on the basis of principle is a simple thing to do, but when that principle happens to enjoy popular support, then the possibility of claiming to be better than the majority, antithetical to the democratic premise of raising questions on their behalf in the first place, emerges. This puts the … “critic” in a position too awkwardly similar to that of the cultural censor, who derives his raison d’être from the perverse notion that the people, even (or especially) in a democracy, could not know what is good for them. (David, “Shooting Crap” 110)

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11011One direct aftermath was that a few years later, I encountered the aforementioned artist-academic during my graduate studies in the US, and got berated by him for violating some code of bourgeois behavior that I could not decipher. I later figured out that it might have been because of the article I had written: I had taken extra care not to mention him by name, but there was certainly no denying the widespread coverage of his full-on theatrical performance as offended moral guardian on live TV. What I could have explained, if he had been able to simmer down and engage in a sober discussion, was that the moviegoers I had talked with certainly did not regard themselves as cultural dupes longing or willing to be taken in by a possibly cynically motivated comic talent. The key lay in the still-prevalent euphoria over the people-power event, when the country’s major artists all focused on projects that would commemorate the ouster of a long-entrenched tyrant and the restoration of democratic institutions.

11011The movie audience responded to these predictable and frankly sanctimonious texts by withholding their patronage of local film releases. As a result, from an average of nearly 170 films produced during the Marcos years, sometimes hitting as high as over 230 productions in one year, the local industry came up with 120 titles the year after people power and barely 100 the year after (David, “Annual Filipino Film Production Chart”); many of these in fact were sex films intended for the minimally policed rural circuit. The country’s most successful studio, Regal Films, managed to persuade audiences to resume their movie-going habit by providing comic fantasies featuring a breakout child actor, Aiza (now Ice) Seguerra (“Aiza Seguerra”). While these appealed to women and child viewers, Joey de Leon found a means of filling the gap for more mature audiences, including males, by seizing on a deliberately uncouth rejection of the spiritualistically inspired religious revivalism induced by what people still refer to today as the “miracle at EDSA.”

11011The difficulty of pursuing this particular configuration of critical framework cum method is further complicated by the stylistic demands it makes on expression. The principle I follow stems from the differentiation between academic writing and criticism. The only Filipino film critic recognized as a National Artist, Bienvenido Lumbera, prescribed an approach to writing criticism that conflated it with scholarship: “the writer must not be imprisoned by cuteness or [snark]. I think that’s a very strong tendency when one is beginning to write, when you fall in love with a manner, an expression, a point that you want to make, and you put that across and sacrifice the object you’re talking about” (Lumbera 72).

11011My own response, as a graduate-studies scholar confronted with the demand to observe an “objective” and “impersonal” presentation of research findings, was to constantly seek ways to query, if not subvert, this requirement, rather than allow an entire arsenal of literary possibilities to go to waste. In doing so, I managed to realize that the process of deconstructive jouissance can operate beyond analytics, via the mechanics of style. In criticism, especially in reviewing for a general readership, the playpen covers a far wider territory. The expressive demands may be greater, but the potential to involve the reader in formally discursive challenges, with the commentary providing a fixed reflexive coordinate to the film or films being discussed, would be worth the extra effort of drafting what we may call the creative critique.

11011The ideal to strive for would be an industrial intervention, where the critic helps articulate, for the artist as well as the audience, the film-text’s historical significance and significations, the development of the project’s auteur or auteurs, the industrial limits posed by budget, technology, and training, and how these may be overcome, and the larger social, political, cultural, regional, and global concerns (if any) where text, auteur, and audience may position themselves in pursuit of further insights or benefits. Such instances of intensive interactions among critics, creatives, and consumers have been few and far between, in the experience of Philippine cinema. Nevertheless, they have been known to happen, and have generally proved fulfilling for all parties concerned. The goal in observing a useful and progressive ethical approach to film criticism would be to ensure that critics’ contributions to the growth and development of cinema become a more-or-less permanent feature of creative cultural activity.

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Works Cited

Aiza [sic] Seguerra.” Wow Celebrities! (August 1, 2008).

Catholic News Service (Media Review Office). “Archived Movie Reviews.” United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. No date.

David, Joel. “Annual Filipino Film Production Chart.” Ámauteurish! (February 25, 2016).

———. “Birds of Omen.” Philippine Collegian (July 26, 1978): 3, 6. Reprinted in Millennial Traversals: Outliers, Juvenilia, & Quondam Popcult Blabbery (Part I: Traversals within Cinema) in UNITAS: Semi-Annual Peer-Reviewed International Online Journal of Advanced Research in Literature, Culture, and Society 88.1 (May 2015): 43-45.

———. “Movie Worker.” National Midweek (November 4, 1987): 15-16. Reprinted in Millennial Traversals: Outliers, Juvenilia, & Quondam Popcult Blabbery (Part II: Expanded Perspectives) in UNITAS: Semi-Annual Peer-Reviewed International Online Journal of Advanced Research in Literature, Culture, and Society 89.1 (May 2016): 13-16.

———. “Shooting Crap.” National Midweek (April 4, 1990): page(s) unkown. Reprinted in Fields of Vision: Critical Applications in Recent Philippine Cinema (Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1995): 109-12.

David, Joel, and Jo-Ann Q. Maglipon. SINÉ: The YES List of 100+ Films That Celebrate Philippine Cinema. Summit Media, 2019 (forthcoming).

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Meyer, Russ (director). Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill! Scriptwriter Jack Moran. Performed by Tura Satana, Haji, Lori Williams, Ray Barlow, Susan Bernardo, Mickey Foxx, Dennis Busch, Stuart Lancaster, Paul Trinka. EVE Productions, 1965.

Monaco, James. The New Wave: Truffaut, Godard, Chabrol, Rohmer, Rivette. Oxford University Press, 1976.

Waters, John (director & scriptwriter). Pink Flamingos. Performed by Divine, David Lochary, Mary Vivan Pearce, Mink Stole, Danny Mills, Edith Massey, Channing Wilroy, Cookie Mueller, Paul Swift. Dreamland, 1972.

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